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Lake[Lake] Lake作品集 二品总督 (刚入二品,小心做人)
注册时间: 2006-10-10 帖子: 1341 来自: Sky Blue Water
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发表于: 星期五 九月 12, 2008 11:41 am 发表主题: 哈金演讲稿:为外语腔调辩护(zt) |
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(It's a bit long, but worth reading.)
哈金演讲稿:为外语腔调辩护
(明迪 译)
英语的一个独特荣耀是其相当数量的文学作品是由英语为后天习得而非先天所得语的作家所创作的。这些移民作家独自进入这个语言,他们不同于身在原殖民地国家或来自原殖民地国家的作家,如印度和奈及利亚等,在那些国家英语是官方语言,民族文学也是以英文写就的。这些非母语作家在这个语言中的挣扎、生存、取得的成就大多是个体的——其创作努力在短期内对集体的意义不大。然而,这并不等于否认他们和母语作家之间有相似之处和共同利益。
可以说约瑟夫•康拉德(Joseph Conrad)是这一文学传统的奠基人,而纳博科夫(Vladimir Nabokov)则代表它的高峰。康拉德在这个移居国语言中的挣扎已众所周知;即使在他的晚期小说里,尽管他语言凝练、文笔优美,我们仍然会偶尔碰到笔误。相比之下,纳博科夫一直被推崇为语言冒险家和技巧娴熟的风格家。同样众所周知的是,他在阅读俄语之前就学会了阅读英语,他是在三种语言环境中长大的。环绕在这位大师头上的光环容易掩盖一个事实,即纳博科夫类似于康拉德,在停止用俄语写小说之后曾经不得不努力地掌握英文。纳博科夫对自己的挣扎相当坦诚,正如他在那篇著名随笔《关于一本名为《洛丽塔》的书》中所述:“我不得不放弃我的自然语言——我那未经驯化的、丰富的、学无止境的俄罗斯语,而接受二流品牌的英语。”[1] 他在另一个场合坦白:“自然语汇的缺失”是他在英语里“作为一个作家的秘密缺陷”。[2] 即便如此,我们很少有人似乎愿意反思一下这位伟大的语言魔术师所经历过的艰苦历程。
不过,他的传记作者布赖恩•博伊德(Brian Boyd)记录下他最初几年用这个语言写作时的语言挣扎。纳博科夫抵达美国两年后写下他最好的英文诗——《发现》。这首诗的灵感来自于他偶然发现自己捕到一只“大峡谷”,这只蝴蝶已作为此类物种的标本陈列在纽约美国自然历史博物馆里。尽管诗里充满了自信而富有诗性的声音和说话者的蓬勃精神,他的传记作者仍然不得不评价道:“但此诗的誊清稿痛苦地显示了他时而薄弱的英文。”[3] 这个“薄弱”可以在以下几行里感觉到:“我发现它,并为之命名,精通/可分类的拉丁文;因而成为/一种昆虫的教父和它的第一个/描述者——我不求其它名分。”博伊德还提到纳博科夫和爱德蒙•威尔逊(Edmund Wilson)之间就纳博科夫的英文所作的早期沟通。威尔逊指责他的朋友过于大胆地使用移居国的语言。这位美国著名文人对这位刚开始在英语里探索的俄罗斯新移民的能力心存疑虑,并对纳博科夫的双关语和错误不断挑刺。他们之间的摩擦最终发展为全面爆发的论战——1965年威尔逊发表了他的长篇文章《普希金和纳博科夫的奇怪案例》指出纳博科夫翻译《尤金•奥涅金》时所使用的“非标准语句”;作为回应,纳博科夫写下他的著名杂文《对批评者的答复》。此时,移居美国二十五年后的纳博科夫已驾驭了这门语言,完全有能力与旧友辩论。他在这次辩论中胜出威尔逊。
然而,在他们早期有关纳博科夫使用英语的私人交流中,威尔逊总是占上风,尤其是在纳博科夫刚来美国的头几年。对于纳博科夫而言,从俄语转换到英语真是痛苦不堪;用他自己的话来说,就像“在爆炸中失去七、八个手指后重新学会拿东西。”[4] 他还在巴黎时就开始撰写他的第一部英文小说《塞巴斯蒂安•奈特正传》。到美国后不久,他又继续写此书。当时,他对自己的英语还不够自信,尽管他那华丽而细致的风格标志已体现在他的文笔中。威尔逊读了小说样稿之后,不禁称好,甚至为书背写了赞语。但他一如既往地对书中的某些小错误和奇言怪语吹毛求疵。他在 1941年10月20日给纳博科夫的信中写道:“我希望你在威尔斯利学院找个人阅读校样——因为有些英文错误,虽然不多。”他接着指出了几个。纳博科夫在答复中遗憾地表示已将样稿寄回出版社,无法再作更正了,但他也争辩道,叙述者应该是“很吃力地写英文。”[5] 换言之,语言上的缺陷带有小说人物的特征,从某种意义上说是合理的。事实上,小说的叙述者也承认了这一弱点:“同外国语言的枯燥搏斗以及对文学经验的完全缺乏并不容易产生过于自信的感觉。”[6] 尽管作了技术上的辩护,纳博科夫后来还是纠正了威尔逊提及的那些失误。显然,纳博科夫对自己的英语能力感到忧虑,还得走很长的路才能成为英语写作大师。反思这一点,很难想象从《塞巴斯蒂安•奈特正传》中相对简单的文笔,发展到《洛丽塔》中丰富而含蓄的语言风格,再发展到《普宁》中充满信心的玩耍、对英语的故意误用和蓄意歪曲,他下了多大功夫。
尽管威尔逊对他的朋友纳博科夫慷慨大方,但他同时也使纳博科夫头痛。无论私下或公开他都不愿停止告诫纳博科夫避免使用双关语。所幸的是,纳博科夫忽略他的不满,继续玩文字游戏,这种方式逐渐演变成他的天才标志。威尔逊在《纽约客》上发表了一篇对纳博科夫的《尼古拉•果戈理》(1944年)毁誉参半的评论,他说:“[纳博科夫的]双关语极其可怕。”[7] 从他们之间友谊的一开始,威尔逊就把纳博科夫同康拉德相比,他在1941年10月20日的同一封信中写到,“你和康拉德恐怕是仅有的在英语和这个领域中取得成功的外国人。”纳博科夫对这个比较不满意,但我们不清楚他最初是以怎样的措辞和方式来反对的。威尔逊当然知道如何激怒他的朋友。很多年以后,威尔逊把原《纽约客》评论缩短成《弗拉基米尔•纳博科夫对果戈理的研究》以纳入文集《经典与商业之作》(1950年)时,在该文章结尾加上这样一句:“尽管有些失误,纳博科夫先生对英语的精通几乎超过了约瑟夫•康拉德。” 纳博科夫觉得受到羞辱,回击道:“我抗议最后一句话。康拉德处理现成英语比我在行;但我在另一方面比他强。他在使用非传统句法方面没有我陷得深,但也没有达到我的语言高峰。”[8] 纳博科夫所说的“现成”是指常规。在1964年的一个采访中,他对此阐述得更加明确:“我不能忍受康拉德的纪念品商店式的风格、以及瓶装船和蚬壳项链式的浪漫主义陈词滥调。”[9]
我举出纳博科夫对康拉德的英语所作的负面言论,以期说明两位大师对移居国语言所采取的不同对策。在康拉德的小说中,我们可以感觉到一种由英语字典所界定的语言边界——他不会创造那种会使英语耳朵感到陌生的文字和词句。除在极少数的海洋故事里,如《“水仙号”船上的黑水手》和《吉姆爷》,有些船员的对话偶尔是不规范的英语,总的来说康拉德始终维系在标准英语的边界内。我这么说并不意味着贬低康拉德的成就。即使在这样一个边界内,他设法写出了里程碑式的作品,此外,他把一种明晰的、外国人的敏锐带入他那具有力度而优雅的行文中。他把自己看作是在英格兰“避难”的外国人,这一点在当时不是什么秘密。“避难”这个词——指他自己的状况——几乎成为他书信中的口头禅。当他拒绝英国政府授予的骑士头衔以及剑桥和耶鲁等几所大学授予的名誉学位时,他甚至声称英国文学不是他的传统。晚年时他常常渴望回到波兰,但他的突然去世使这一愿望未能实现。[10] 我们可以推测,康拉德对英语的严格遵守和他对自己在英格兰是一个外来者的感觉——尽管这是他热爱的国家,这两者结合起来是他痛苦的根源。
类似于康拉德,纳博科夫也严重地依赖词典。当他成为一个风格大师时,他的英语变得更为艺术性的彬彬有礼和书卷气。然而,他从不把自己局限在标准英语里,而是经常把这个语言的边界向外推移。勒兰•德•拉•杜兰塔耶(Leland de la Durantaye)对纳博科夫为什么采取这种方式的原因总结如下:
纳博科夫喜欢用生僻词来代替已经被发明的代名词。对他来说,只有在真的没有文字去为某件事命名、而且他花了足够时间去证实之后,才允许发明词汇。但这种保守主义是有限度的。对于现存的词汇,纳博科夫尊重它——但他为将其置于不同的词语搭配而不遗余力,从这方面来说他远非保守……纳巴克夫与他笔下的人物塞巴斯蒂安趣味一致[从不信任简易的表达形式]……他和塞巴斯蒂安一样,“不使用现成的词组因为他想说的事情是特殊材料建成的,而且他知道,除非有专门量体裁身而定制的词汇来描述,真正的思想不可能说是存在的。”纳博科夫的语汇衣裳是用他发现的语言布料制作的——但总是需要特别裁剪。[11]
以上引文的第二要点意味着“寻找新的词语组合。”这是纳博科夫的原则,他在整个写作生涯中,无论是在俄语还是英语里,都照此实践,而发明新词则是一个更为谨慎的举动,前提是对整个英语词汇的认知。纳博科夫是公认的“词典狂”——他可能会愉快地接受这一称呼,他对自己钻研词典所取得的学问感到自豪。那张有着他和他那本快翻烂了的巨象大的韦氏词典的著名照片见证了他为精通英语所下的苦功。[12] 事实上,即使是韦氏词典也没有对他构成一个边界,而更像是一幅地图,因为他会毫不迟疑地创造新字和新的表达方式,如果词典里没有的话。举例来说,在他的小说《普宁》里我们遇到这样一些词:“收音机迷(radiophile)”、“心理蠢货(psychoasinine)”、“脚注麻醉狂” (footnote-drugged maniac)。就连他的第一本英语小说里都包含了发明的词汇,如“爱的余烬(love-embers)”、“性管乐字条(a sexophone note)”、“朝倾斜的方向(tipwards)”、“思维形象(thought-image)”。除了词汇创造以外,也偶然有一些英语、法语和俄语之间的互换,这发生在英语的边界之外。有时候《普宁》的叙述者干脆讲俄语,普宁前妻丽莎的感伤诗以俄语出现,然后译成英文。[13] 显然,纳博科夫与康拉德不同,他在英语语言的周边写作,其前沿延伸到外语领域。
《普宁》是一部重要的移民小说。也许因为主人公是一个白俄流亡者,读者可能会忽略普宁也是一个移民,而且,同成千上万的移民一样,他面临同样的挑战——在这个国家寻找家园。故事结尾时,他逃离威戴尔学院,消失在美国的荒野之中,那里似乎仍有一些希望,正如这个美丽的句子所提示:“[普宁的]小轿车肆无忌惮地冲上了闪光的道路,可以隐约看出这条渐渐变窄的路在薄雾中成为一条金线,连着绵绵群山,美化着距离,根本没法预料那边会发生什么奇迹。”(同上,191 页)。美国希望,虽然几乎被小说里的悲伤和讽刺所打破,仍然在远方土地上的自由空间里徘徊不去。确实,不同于少数族裔作家所写的小说,《普宁》没有涉及主要的美国主题之一——种族,但类似于欧洲移民所写的小说,它描绘了新来者在这个国家所经历的折磨和沮丧。此外,这部小说抓住了移民经验中的根本问题,即语言。不管普宁如何努力,一旦他可以流利自如地甩出习惯用语,比如“一厢情愿”、“好吧,好吧”、“长话短说”,他那不完美的英语就无法再提高了。在使用移居国语言时他显得那么傻、怪异,以至于他的一些同事认为他不应该有权利在校园附近走动;但当他说俄语和跟俄国同胞来往时,他是一个完全不同的人,博学、语言流畅、甚至强壮有力。他的困境是第一语言并非英语的移民所遭遇的典型困境。
从技术上来说,纳博科夫面临着大部分有移民经验的作家都必须面对的两项挑战。第一是如何呈现非母语族群的各种不同的英语,第二是如何用英语来表现他们的母语。在实践中,第一项挑战通常有经验基础,因为大多数时候作者可以模仿某个人物的口音和不合文法的话语。在这方面纳博科夫处理得非常老道。普宁请托马斯• 韦恩教授去他家参加乔迁之喜聚会,他这么给他指路:“托德路999号,非常简单!在路的最最末端,和克里夫大道交接处,一座小砖房,一个很大的黑色的峭壁。(It is nine hundred ninety nine, Todd Rodd, very simple! At the very very end of the rodd, where it unites with Cleef Ahvnue. A leetle breek house and a beeg blahk cleef.)”(同上,151页)。从语法上讲他说的话无可挑剔,与普宁的书卷气个性相吻合,但口音很重,因为他发不准某些元音。他说话和大多数同时又有语法毛病的移民不同,那些移民中有些人连一个复杂的句子都几乎表达不出来。在小说写作中,尽管有实际经验的基础,作者在表现英语为非母语人物用英语讲话时不可能完全是自然的,但对话必须处理得好,给人以真实的印象。如果一个男人,如《上帝吹动的羽毛》中的瓦迪姆,对他心爱的人说:“当你把头放在我胸口时,我的心跑出来了。”[14] 我们可以看出他是个外国人,因为他独特的习惯用语使他的身份真实化了。这一技术上的要求排除了标准英语,因为标准英语不适合用来表现这么多被英语为非母语者所使用的各式英文。
第二个技术性挑战更为复杂——如何用英语来表现外语。首先,一旦用英语写,这种表现是没有什么经验基础的,因为英语不可能和外语原来的发音相似。第二,叙述语言和对话语言是有区别的;从理论上讲,前者可以像正式翻译那样只限于标准英语。从本质上看,作者面对的是英语和一门外语之间的相互作用;理想的话,英语在这种情况下应该一定程度地反映另一门语言。就对话部分而言,我相信很少小说家反对这个原则。因此,如果《水泥基督》中的新寡妇感叹道:“我的孩子们应该寻求谁呢?谁现在会把食物放进我那些小鸟儿张开的口中?——因为他们必须活下去,在这片吞噬了他们父亲的土地上长成高高的梁柱——我必须活着,他们才能活下去!”[15] 我们知道她说的是意大利语。这种不寻常的词汇和别扭句法是为了使英语陌生化一点,以适应人物和剧情。实际上,这种做法是强迫英语接近另一个外语,使对话更加有特色。结果,英语不得不变得有些异化。不过,在美国移民小说中,这是一种常规技巧。而叙述语言则使两种语言之间的相互关系更加复杂化。
正如我以上所述,从理论上讲有可能将叙述语言限制在标准英语内,但在实践中许多非母语作家不这样做。这主要是由于两个原因:第一,作家的母语和外语敏感性影响其英语,使本土读者读起来感觉不一样;第二,标准英语不够用于表现作者描述的经验和想法。纳博科夫知道这些不利因素,但有利地使用了它们。在《普宁》里,叙述者讲笑话、故意扭曲英语单词和成语,把“简洁的履历表(a curriculum vitae in a nutshell)”称为“椰子壳(a coconut shell)”,在状语词组“另一方面(on the other hand)”后面跟了一个“第三手(on the third hand)”。叙述者这么做等于是突出了他的外语腔调,因为带着儿童眼光看待英语的外国人更容易对移居国语言的大多数习以为常的特征产生这样的奇思怪想。在美国小说中,甚至有些非人物化的叙述者在以第三人称叙述时也不得不在语言中保留一些外语腔。举例来说,《水泥基督》的叙述语言大量地依赖被动语态,这恐怕是用来反映意大利移民的说话方式。再举一个例子,叙述者这么描述从浴室里传出的噪音:“楼上的卫生间咆哮如雷地冲着水,在通畅的管道里噼里啪啦地咕噜下来,在空洞的金属喉咙管里滴滴嗒嗒”(同上,42页)。我们可以看出他说的不是母语。
去年冬天当我的小说《自由生活》出版后,约翰•厄普代克在《纽约客》上作了评论,并列举了一些语句作为“小违规例子”。[16] 中文媒体广泛报道了这篇评论,因为厄普代克在中国被尊敬为美国著名文人。互联网上有一些关于厄普代克列举的词语的讨论,但懂英文的中国人看不出那些用法有什么不妥。人们提供不同的解释,但都没有说服力。事实上,如果你每到一处都遇上对官场和职位极度关注的人,你怎能说用“官迷(emplomaniac)” 这个词不恰当呢?这样的词语也许使英文耳朵觉得陌生,但在中国语境中它是唯一合适的词语。轻微一点的词可能是“职位追求者(office seeker)”,但它未表达出过分在意和疯狂。
一旦我们在小说中进入外国领土,标准英语可能不得不延伸以便覆盖新的版图。最终,这是一种扩充语言能量的方式。
中国人里面也有一些对我使用英语方式的误解。人们常常说我直接翻译汉语成语。这是不真实的。我确实使用了相当数量的汉语成语,因为我的人物大部分讲汉语,但我在每一处都把成语作了些改变,有时候改动很大,以适应语境、剧情、和叙述的流畅。中国成语说一个男人自不量力地梦想一位漂亮女人是“癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉”,我在小说里至少用了两次这个成语,但我是这样表达的:“癞蛤蟆梦想擒天鹅”。“肉包子打狗”是一个汉语成语,指没有好结果的冒险,我把它这样变成英文:“用肉丸子打狗——没有回报”。大多数时候我根据故事的上下文来剪裁成语。
另一项批评是,我的英语太贫乏、太简单。用一位英语教授的话来说是“四级”,也就是本科水平。在这个例子里,那些中国人把标准英语看为准绳——50美金的字你用得越多,你的英文就越好。他们未能理解像我这类的作家不是在字典的范围内写作。我们在英语的边缘地带、在语言和语言之间的空隙中写作,因此,我们的能力和成就不能只以对标准英语的掌握来衡量。
除了技术上需要一种独特的英语之外,还有对身份的关注。我经常强调,一个作家的身份应该是靠写作获得的。事实上,身份的一部分也可能是赋予的,超出了作者的控制。就在几年前,研究中国文学的学者中有一种普遍的共识,认为离散作家中用汉语写作的属于中国文学,用其它语言写作的属于外国文学。他们忽略了一个事实,那就是,世界文学中的一部分作家有双重国籍。康拉德既属于英国文学也属于波兰文学,虽然他从未用母语写作过。纳博科夫也是一个俄罗斯作家,尽管他坚称自己是美国作家。不过,最近有中国学者已经开始谈论如何将那些用移居国语言写作的离散作家纳入中国文学经典。对于个体作家来说,分类可能不那么重要——最多就像在另一个大楼里有一个额外的房间,因为在世界文学史中,没有一个有份量的作家是没有归宿的。但大多数写过有分量作品的移民作家,其命运是被一个以上的国家承认,因为他们存在于国与国之间的空间,那里是不同语言和文化交织并互相渗透的地带。在这个边缘地区出现的任何有价值的作品很可能会被一个以上的国家认可,用来提高该国的软实力。
大多数处于边缘地带的作家都清楚自己身份的双重性。甚至连出生于美国、英语为第一语言的汤婷婷(Maxine Hong Kingston)都认为自己的作品是中国文学的延续,正像《女战士》中的主人公在书的结尾处赞美的那样:“[蔡琰]从野蛮之地带回歌曲,流传下来的三首之一是‘胡笳十八拍’,这是一首中国人用自己乐器伴奏所唱的歌,可以译来译去。”[17] 在一次访谈中,汤亭亭告诉诗人陈美玲(Marilyn Chin)她遇到一些中国作家的情景:“我在美国这里,有自由言论和出版自由。我用一辈子的时间写我的根。所以他们[中国作家]说我是他们的延续。他们希望帮助搞清楚往哪里去……哎呀,我感觉真不错。因为他们告诉我,我是中国经典的一部分。而我在这里是用英语写作的。”[18] 汤亭亭虽然忽略了中国作家的外交辞令和政治头脑,但对于被祖先土地上的人们接纳而表达了由衷的兴奋。跨越语言边界、返祖归根的愿望在美国少数族裔作家群体中很常见,但恐怕并没有回归之路。如果我们对此保持理性,就可以看到,大部分处于中间地带的作家已或多或少被疏离或排斥。他们可以做的一件事是充分利用他们的不利条件和边缘化,而不应该死抱着回归的梦想。他们什么也不应该依靠,只依赖可以给自己定位的有价值的作品就行了。由此而来,只要写出有分量的作品来,身份这个概念也许就毫无意义。
在移居作家看来,边缘是他们的工作空间,这对于他们的存在来说比其他区域更加重要。他们不应该努力去加入主流或在一个民族的文化中心占一席之地。他们必须保持他们的边缘化,获取各种资源,包括外国的资源,充分利用自己的损失。他们应该接受自己的边缘化,正是这个边缘化使他们区别于本土作家,成就他们独特的抱负。
T.S.艾略特(T. S. Eliot)在《小吉丁》一诗中这样界定诗人的使命:“由于我们关注的是话语,而话语促使我们/净化本部族的方言”(第二部分,第126至127行)。不过这是本土诗人的使命,正如艾略特住在伦敦一样,他们可以呆在英语的中心,并努力完善母语。但是这种设想对外来作家是不合理的,也不适用于许多其它种类的作家。前英国殖民地的大多数人在日常生活中使用当地方言,尽管他们把英语作为民族语言。大多数美国移民不得不在家里说外来语或者不规范的英语。因此,让外来作家抱有T.S.艾略特宣告的那种雄心是行不通的。实际上,过多的净化会弱化一种语言的生命力。众所周知,英语的活力和流行主要取决于它的非纯洁性和混杂状态。
同移民作家一样,前英国殖民地作家以及写美国移民经验的作家都很敏锐地知道如何使用不同的英语,以区别于本土作家。萨曼•拉什迪(Salman Rushdie)在他的《想象的家园》一文中大篇幅地谈到印度作家同语言的搏斗:“我们这些使用英语的人,尽管对其含糊不清,还是使用,或者也许正是因为如此,我们能够在语言挣扎里找到反映我们自身其它挣扎的一种折射,以及作品对社会的影响。征服英语的过程可能是自我解放、获得自由的过程。” [19]拉什迪把使用英语描绘成既是内在也是外在的斗争,斗争的胜利将把作家从殖民地遗产的局限中解放出来。很显然,他设想了一种英语,它不是传统用法而是能够用来表达殖民地经验、地方性,和印度生活的特殊性。所以,这样的语言还尚待发明。
在美国出生的移民作家中,寻找一个新的英语似乎是与自我发现和个人身份认同有关的个人努力,也许是因为有这么多的移民族群,不可能形成一个统一的力量。大卫•村(David Mura)对此的评论体现了这些作家通常所持的立场:“那么,诀窍就是写出我的双重感,或者多元性,而不是去盲目模仿欧洲传统而是利用它并把它同我自身背景的其它元素结合起来,尽力去达到一种艰难的平衡。为了解我是谁以及我想成为谁,我不得不听从我父亲、T.S.艾略特或罗伯特•罗威尔不曾梦想过的声音,这些声音来自我的家庭、或日本、或我自己任性而未同化的过去。在传统世界中,我是没有被想象的。我得把我自己想象出来。”[20]
这是一种对待英语的个体方式,但也可能代表了其他许多人所共有的见识,尤其是被这样一些作家所认同——他们出生于这个国家、书写美国化的经历、不得不寻求一个不同于在学校里所学的语言。
我个人认为奇努阿•阿切贝(Chinua Achebe)对这个问题的立场是明智而更为可行的。六十年代初期,《崩溃》出版后,非洲作家中关于英语的使用发生了激烈的辩论。阿切贝是辩论的主要参与者,并写下数篇文章讨论这一问题。以下这一段概述了他的立场:
对于一个非洲人来说,用英语写作不是没有其严重挫折的。他经常发现自己描述的情形或思维模式在英文生活方式里找不到直接的对等之处。处于这种困境中,他可以在以下二者中选择其一。他可以尝试把自己想说的东西限制在传统英语之内,或者尝试推开这些界限以创造条件来表达自己的思想。第一种方法产生技巧娴熟、但缺乏创意并且乏味的作品。第二种方法产生一些新颖的、对英语语言以及试图呈现的新材料都有价值的东西。但也有可能无法驾驭,可能导致糟糕的英语被接受并被辩护为非洲英语或奈及利亚英语。我提议那些能够扩大英语的边界以容纳非洲思维模式的作家必须通过对英语的精通而非出于无知才这么做。 [21]
阿切贝所说的至关重要,不仅对非洲作家如此,对于独自来到这个语言的移民作家以及那些有美国移民经历并寻找一种语言来表现出笔下人物的情绪和思想的作家来说,也是至关重要的。基本上来说,阿切贝描述的第一种方法类似于康拉德的做法,而他建议的第二种方法接近于纳博科夫的做法。阿切贝的“扩大英语的边界”、 “通过对英语的精通”等用词指出了一个边缘地带,我们在其中写作,并清楚其边界以推动和扩大英语的界限。事实上,他还提倡责任意识,即丰富我们共享和使用的语言。
的确,英语的边界临近外国领域,所以对母语者来说,我们不可避免地听起来有外语腔,但边界是我们唯一可以生存并对这个语言作出贡献的地方。
(本文为2008年4月4日哈金在布朗大学“全球化时代重估外语教学大纲”研讨会上的主题演讲,明迪 译。)
注释:
[1] 弗拉基米尔•纳博科夫,《洛丽塔》(纽约:伯克利图书,1977),第288页。
[2] 弗拉基米尔•纳博科夫,《强烈观点》(纽约:马格洛-休斯出版社,1973),第106页。
[3] 布莱恩•博伊德,《弗拉基米尔•纳博科夫:美国岁月》(普林斯顿大学出版社,1991),第53页。
[4] 弗拉基米尔•纳博科夫,《强烈观点》,第54页。
[5] 《亲爱的班尼兔,亲爱的沃洛迪亚:纳博科夫—威尔逊通信集(1940-1971)》,塞门•卡尔林斯基编(伯克利加州大学出版社,2001),第56-57页。
[6] 弗拉基米尔•纳博科夫,《塞巴斯蒂安骑士的真实生活》(纽约:新方向出版社,1941),第101页。
[7] 博伊德,《弗拉基米尔•纳博科夫:美国岁月》,第78页。
[8] 《纳博科夫—威尔逊通信集》,第282-283页。
[9] 《强烈观点》,第42页。
[10]兹德兹斯洛•内达尔,《约瑟夫•康拉德:编年记》(罗格斯大学出版社,1893),第489页。
[11]《风格即实质》(康奈尔大学出版社,2007),第142页。
[12]博伊德,第562-563页。
[13]弗拉基米尔•纳博科夫,《普宁》(纽约:温特纪图书出版社,1981),第56和181页。
[14]思格里德•紐餒茲,《上帝吹動的羽毛》(纽约:哈珀科林斯出版社,1995),第147页。
[15]皮耶特罗•迪•多纳妥,《水泥基督》(纽约:斯格奈经典出版社,1993),第42页。
[16]《纽约客》,2007年12月3日,第101页。
[17]汤亭亭,《女战士》(纽约:温特记出版社,1976),第209页。
[18]《与汤亭亭对话》,保罗•斯肯泽和特拉•马丁编(密西西比大学出版社,1998),第94页。
[19]萨曼•拉什迪,《想像的家园》(伦敦:格拉塔图书,1991),第17页。
[20]大卫•村《变成日本人:一个第三代日裔的回忆录》(纽约:大西洋月刊出版社,1991),第77页。
[21]卡鲁•欧格巴引用于《理解“崩溃”》(康州西港:格林伍德出版社,1999),第193页。 |
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anna[星子安娜] anna作品集 Site Admin
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发表于: 星期五 九月 12, 2008 12:47 pm 发表主题: |
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I tried to google the English one, but failed.
Thanks for sharing.
_________________ ---------------------
Anna Yin
《爱的灯塔-星子安娜双语诗选》
<Nightlights> <Seven Nights with the Chinese Zodiac> ...
http://annapoetry.com |
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发表于: 星期五 九月 12, 2008 12:59 pm 发表主题: |
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Here is one interview which will benefit us who wants to write a story.
Ha Jin Lets It Go
Dave Weich, Powells.com
Xuefei Jin known to readers as Ha Jin, began writing in English barely twelve years ago.
If he'd gone back to China, he says, he wouldn't be writing fiction or poetry - and he had every intention of returning to his native country as he prepared his dissertation at Brandeis University. After watching televised coverage of the Tiananmen Square massacre, however, Jin and his wife decided to make a life with their son here in the United States, and when Jin couldn't find teaching work, he turned to writing, instead.
Taking odd jobs (a night watchman, a busboy) until eventually his publishing success convinced Emory University to hire him to teach and write, Jin was arguably one of the most prolific literary writers of the nineties, producing two books of poetry ("This is a profound book, an event," Frank Bidart said of Jin's 1990 volume, Between Silences, his debut), two collections of short stories, and two novels. In the process, he earned a PEN/Hemingway prize (1996, for Oceans of Words, his first story collection) and The Flannery O'Connor Award for Fiction (1997, for Under the Red Flag, his second). Most recently, Waiting won both the 1999 National Book Award and the 2000 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction.
"I think the ultimate goal for a piece of literature is to transcend time to some degree, not to vacate it but to go through it," Jin explained. "To see past it to what is essential to the characters." His latest novel, like the rest of his incredible body of work, does just that.
Year after year, Lin Kong returns to his village to divorce his wife, and every year, without the divorce, he returns to the city and his lover, a nurse at the hospital where he has worked all his adult life. The government will not grant him a divorce without his wife's consent until they have been separated for at least eighteen years.
Waiting is a perfect antidote to our frantic, gotta-get-it-done-yesterday lives.
Dave: I was wondering where the idea for Waiting came from, where that story was born.
Ha Jin: The book is based upon a true story. Not exactly the same, but similar. My wife knew the doctor and the nurse. They both served in the hospital where my parents were Army doctors. It was during a visit to my parents-in-laws, my first visit, that I heard this story.
Dave: Waiting is very different from most of what I read - and, to a certain extent, from most of what gets published and read today in the United States. You truly enter that Chinese world, right from the start; it's unimpeachable, vividly alive.
Jin: The narrator is very close to things and events. Good writers should observe and tell the story, try to reveal the complexities, the subtleties, to tell what's happening. The narrator shouldn't be intrusive. You have to respect the intelligence of the reader. The reader will always have their own interpretations.
For me, my job was just to tell the story. To fulfill the story. Yes, in a way, there are a lot of irrelevant details, culturally bound references, but if they're not essential to the story, I should let them go.
Dave: One critic talked about "the personal being political" in your novels. Fundamentally, though, Waiting isn't political. It's about people: Lin, Manna, and Shuyu.
Jin: No, politics is only a context. The focus is on the person, the inner life, the life of the soul and how that changes, how the emotional life is affected by time and also by environment.
Dave: A lot has been made of the fact that you didn't learn to write in English until eleven or twelve years ago, and yet you've been very productive: two novels, two books of stories, and two books of poems.
Jin: I've been lucky in that what I've written has not been wasted. Every book I've written has gone to print. And, you know, I was driven by a fear, an instinct of survival. I was hired as a teaching writer; I had to publish enough to keep my job.
Dave: How did you end up at Emory University?
Jin: No other places would hire me!
Dave: You're taking off from teaching right now, right?
Jin: Yes, on the Guggenheim Fellowship.
Dave: What are you teaching when you're there? Creative writing?
Jin: Most of the time, poetry writing, and occasionally fiction writing. Sometimes literature courses.
Dave: Are you still writing a lot of poetry, then?
Jin: Yes, I have a book coming out, in fact, this fall. It's called Wreckage.
Dave: How do you balance teaching with your own writing?
Jin: For me, teaching is a good way to make a living. Also, I think it gives me a kind of freedom that I might not have if I were a full-time writer. I'm willing to take risks. I'm less worried about how a book will sell. That helps. On the other hand, it's the same energy that I put into the students' work, into the preparation for the course. If you teach too much, you don't have the energy left, and energy is your main asset.
Dave: Do you work according to a set schedule? How much writing are you able to do?
Jin: When I teach a course I can't write as much as I'd like, but I try to write some every day. It doesn't have to be new - I edit, revise, just do something every day.
Dave: You studied Literature at Brandeis. Did you have a particular focus?
Jin: Poetry and poetics. I wrote my dissertation on modern poetry: Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Auden, and Yeats. High modernists.
Dave: How did you come to focus on those particular poets?
Jin: Those four have poems which are related to Chinese texts and poems that reference the culture. My dissertation was aimed at a Chinese job market. I planned to return to China.
Dave: But after the Tiananmen Square massacre, you decided to stay here.
Jin: Yes, but it was too late to change my dissertation. I was completing it at the time.
Dave: If you'd gone back to China, if things had worked out differently, what do you think you'd be doing now?
Jin: Oh, I'd be a translator, I suppose. A critic.
Dave: Do you think you'd be writing novels?
Jin: No, I don't think so. Perhaps I might write one book or two, a memoir about my life, but not these kinds of books. There would be no pressure to write them.
Dave: So, in a way, the pressure is a good thing.
Jin: It's a mixed blessing. This is more meaningful for me. And it's something I can do.
Dave: Some people would say you do it well.
Jin: I don't know, but the page and the paper is something I can handle.
Dave: Is working in English becoming more natural for you?
Jin: I wouldn't say natural, but it's less difficult than in the beginning. Still now, stories take a long time to get finished, but the anxieties and uncertainties are slightly different than before.
Dave: The first story in Under the Red Flag, "In Broad Daylight," won the Pushcart Prize. It's a brutal story. Waiting is so much quieter.
Jin: It's very hard to keep that kind of intensity in a novel, if not impossible. You have to depend on the narrative voice, a different kind of rhythm.
Dave: And Waiting is very different even from In the Pond [Jin's previous novel, his first]. Did you want to try something different again or was it simply a case where the story demanded that you change the style?
Jin: It was just a different story. Tragic.
Dave: I really liked In the Pond. It's impressive that you pull off the humor across cultural boundaries. I don't know that I've read anything quite like it.
Jin: In the Pond is a comedy. A lot of people tell me it's their favorite. It's the kind of book you either hate it or you love it.
I had a really hard time selling it. Nobody would buy it. Comedy is a high order of art, very rare. Life is full of tragedies, but how can you write comedy without vulgarities? That's a huge handicap.
Dave: You entered the army at fourteen, right? Was that the standard age?
Jin: No. My father was an officer, so we had privileges. We could go into the army early. The standard age at the time, for our group, was sixteen. I lied. I told them I wasn't fourteen. I just wanted to leave home, to go away. There was nothing to do at home. Schools were closed.
Also, rumor had it that the Russians were going to attack, so I was scared. It was better to go to the army rather than stay at home waiting for an air raid.
Dave: How long were you in the army?
Jin: Five and a half years.
Dave: What did you imagine yourself doing? What did you see of your life then?
Jin: I saw very little. I wanted to read. In the beginning, I was basically illiterate. I couldn't read. Then in the second year the border calmed down. We knew there would be no war, we would live in peace, and I began to think of education. I wanted to go to college, to be a learned person, well-read.
Dave: Did that seem likely?
Jin: Yes. But my vision was very limited. Even the definition of "well-read" was different at the time. It was possible, as long as you worked hard. There were a lot of books. Bad books, but as long as you knew all of them, you were well-read!
Dave: Maybe my perspective is skewed, working on the Internet, but it's so hard now to not to think globally. Every day people in Prague and Auckland and hundreds of other cities in between are surfing our web site, whereas the outside world plays practically no role in Waiting. It's nonexistent to these people.
Jin: News is irrelevant to their life, that's true. That's how I perceived it. The book focuses on its framework and references to ground the story in a place and time, but other than that, I don't see the point in bringing up too many temporary references. I think the ultimate goal for a piece of literature is to transcend time to some degree, not to vacate it but to go through it. To see past it to what is essential to the characters.
Dave: In Waiting, a character quotes Beethoven: "Character is fate." That seems very appropriate to the novel.
Jin: Especially in the case of Lin Kong. Emotionally, he was crippled. He couldn't develop.
Dave: What starts the chain of events, to some degree, is the arranged marriage, but to a much greater degree it seems it's his whole life that's been arranged for him.
Jin: Yes, and he cooperated, unconsciously, with the arrangements. He internalized these laws into the fabric of his existence, so he's partially responsible as well.
Dave: You've mentioned elsewhere that you'll eventually write about the immigrant experience.
Jin: I haven't returned to China since I've been here. China is distant. I don't know what contemporary Chinese life is like now. I follow the news, but I don't have the mature sensation - I can't hear the noise, I can't smell the place. I'm not attached to it anymore. What's meaningful to me is the immigrant experience, the American life.
Dave: There's a long tradition of outstanding literature about the immigrant experience in America, of course. Are there any particular books or authors that stand out for you?
Jin: The best one, for me, is Nabokov's Pnin. I think that's the best. It deals with the question of language, and I think that's at the core of the immigrant experience: how to learn the language - or give up learning the language! - but without the absolute mastery of the language, which is impossible for an immigrant. Your life is always affected by the insufficiency.
Dave: A number of foreign books find their way into the hospital where Lin Kong and Manna Wu work. One of the characters in Waiting skips through the beginning of all the Russian novels because there's too much description. And you mention Leaves of Grass in here, too.
Jin: It's one of the great books, yes. Still, it's quite a well-respected, popular book among certain groups in China, even in the army. Officers did have access to it because Whitman was regarded as a proletarian poet.
Dave: Lin Kong has a personal library, and though he has to hide it, the books don't get taken away from him.
Jin: But he didn't use it. Gradually his life changed, and his library didn't function, especially after the marriage.
Dave: How common was it for people to have personal libraries stashed away?
Jin: Doctors in the army . . . there are all kinds of privileged people in the army. I saw highly literary officers reading Russian novels, the originals, hardcovers, filling bookcase after case. Many of the best writers in China now are from the army. It's not like here. There are a lot of privileges in army life if you can get into the right spot.
Dave: Have you taught about China or Chinese literature at all? Is that something you'd like to do?
Jin: For years, I looked for jobs related to Chinese literature or translation. But the applicants are very strong, all with degrees from American schools. A person like me, with no degree in Chinese, it's very hard for me to compete with them.
Dave: You're working on another novel now, right? What's that like?
Jin: Different, again. It's a first-person narrative. The language is slightly different, as well.
Dave: You plan to keep writing.
Jin: I think I've gone so far along this road that I can't just change. When I made the decision to write in English only, I was determined to travel all the way no matter how tough, how solitary it was. I have to go to the end, see what I can do.
Ha Jin visited Powell's City of Books on February 2, 2000 to read from his novel, Waiting. Before the appearance, he stopped by the Annex for this conversation and browsed the City's shelves. _________________ ---------------------
Anna Yin
《爱的灯塔-星子安娜双语诗选》
<Nightlights> <Seven Nights with the Chinese Zodiac> ...
http://annapoetry.com |
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ericcoliu[ericcoliu] ericcoliu作品集 二品总督 (刚入二品,小心做人)
注册时间: 2007-05-29 帖子: 1393 来自: GTA, Canada
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发表于: 星期五 九月 12, 2008 4:33 pm 发表主题: |
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Lake 写到: |
我们这些使用英语的人,尽管对其含糊不清,还是使用,或者也许正是因为如此,我们能够在语言挣扎里找到反映我们自身其它挣扎的一种折射,以及作品对社会的影响。征服英语的过程可能是自我解放、获得自由的过程。” [19]拉什迪把使用英语描绘成既是内在也是外在的斗争,斗争的胜利将把作家从殖民地遗产的局限中解放出来。
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Yes, this passage is, in my view, a perfect conclusion of Ha Jin’s speech and his English writing career.
To write in this language is to be alone,
to live on the margin where
loneliness ripens into solitude.
-- Ha Jin, A Free Life
You have been misled by your folly,
determined to follow the footsteps of Conrad
and Nabokov. You have forgotten
they were white Europeans.
Remember your yellow face
and your puny talent—unlikely
to make you a late bloomer.
Why believe you can write verse in English,
whose music is not natural to you?
-- Ha Jin, A Free Life
To my best knowledge, Evelyn Ch'ien’s Weird English, is the first scholarly book that explores experimental and unorthodox uses of English by multilingual writers and examines the syntactic and grammatical innovations of these authors. I’ve benefited a lot from this thought-provoking book.
Lake, thank you for posting this wonderful piece. _________________ Time is nothing but a disquiet of the soul |
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fanfan[FAFAFA] fanfan作品集 四品府丞 (封疆大吏也!)
注册时间: 2007-12-27 帖子: 353 来自: Canada
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发表于: 星期六 九月 13, 2008 12:15 pm 发表主题: |
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对于纳博科夫而言,从俄语转换到英语真是痛苦不堪;用他自己的话来说,就像“在爆炸中失去七、八个手指后重新学会拿东西。”[4]
This has become my foreign anguish.
Lake 写到: | (It's a bit long, but worth reading.)
哈金演讲稿:为外语腔调辩护 |
Does that matter? It's that quality not quantity matters most.
Thanks for posting the transcript of a good-quality speech. _________________ Don't imitate me;
it's as boring
as the two halves of a melon. |
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