酷我-北美枫

Genre: Men Vs. Women Jokes

A Spanish teacher was explaining to her class that in Spanish, unlike English, nouns are designated as either masculine or feminine.
"House" for instance, is feminine: "la casa."
"Pencil," however, is masculine: "el lapiz."
A student asked, "What gender is 'computer'?"
Instead of giving the answer, the teacher split the class into two groups, male and female, and asked them to decide for themselves whether "computer" should be a masculine or a feminine noun.
Each group was asked to give four reasons for its recommendation.
The men's group decided that "computer" should definitely be of the feminine gender ("la computadora") because:
1. No one but their creator understands their internal logic.
2. The native language they use to communicate with other computers is incomprehensible to everyone else.
3. Even the smallest mistakes are stored in long term memory for possible later retrieval; and
4. As soon as you make a commitment to one, you find yourself spending half your paycheck on accessories for it.

(THIS GETS BETTER!)
The women's group, however, concluded that computers should be masculine ("el computador") because:
1. In order to do anything with them, you have to turn them on.
2. They have a lot of data but still can't think for themselves.
3. They are supposed to help you solve problems, but half the time, the ARE the problem; and
4. As soon as you commit to one, you realize that if you had waited a little longer, you could have gotten a better model.
The women won.

来源：温州日报，作者：傅闻 (ZT 加国无忧)

近年来，温籍海外女作家张翎的小说在国内屡屡获奖，被各大文学刊物争相发表，并登上各类排行榜，良好的创作势头引起海内外文学界的一致瞩目。上周二，现居加拿大多伦多的张翎回温探亲，本版对她进行了独家访谈，访谈中，张翎首次披露她的成长经历与文学创作观。
关于成长

我要走出黑色隧道

记者：能谈谈你的成长经历吗？即使作为家乡人，我们对此似乎也还知之甚少。

张翎：我祖籍苍南藻溪，家是在温州市区县前头，16岁时就参加工作，当时初中只上了两年，到温州郊区的一所小学当代课老师。

记者：16岁就工作，属于童工了。

张翎：没办法，为了糊口，当时是1973年，文革时代，不工作就得“上山下乡”。

记者：是教语文吗？

张翎：语文、政治、算术，什么都教，是所谓的“万金油”老师。记得学校设在一个破庙里，第一次进教室，发现教室里怎么没有学生，抬头一看，吓了一跳，那些调皮的学生都爬在高高的柱子上。

记者：你那时学历才初二，居然就可以教小学生了？

张翎：那时都这样。不过，水平是很差。第一堂课点名，有个学生叫吴昊，我不知道“昊”字怎么念，把全班同学都点了，故意不点他，最后问道：“有没有没点到的同学？”他就回答他没点，我趁机问他叫什么名字？他说叫吴昊（hao），我这才知道“昊”字怎么念，才没出洋相。

记者：教书教了多久？

张翎：教了一年，然后在工厂做车床，一天八小时都要站着，一直到1979年考上复旦大学。这中间，我像一块巨大的海绵一样，张着所有的毛孔贪婪地自学，学一切能学到的东西，绘画、古典文学、外语。简直把手能伸得到的书都给读了，把眼睛能看得到的东西都给学了。昨天我在清理我十几岁的日记，突然意识到，从1973年到1979年，这六年时间里，我自己完成了人生最重要的再教育课程，我人生观、世界观的真正形成就是在这六年里奠定的。

记者：是什么支撑着你在艰苦的工作中不懈自学，从一名初中学历的女车工成为一名大学生？

张翎：我那时的努力是不可想象的，我甚至不知道我学了是干什么的。我觉得我的前途就像一个黑色的隧道，走啊走啊，永远走不到头，不知道那个出口在哪里，但就在那样的绝望中，我知道自己一定要走出来。生活太枯燥了、太单调了，空虚到极点，我的一辈子不能这样浪费掉。我现在把它归类为我的“自救行为”，否则在那个年代，我会疯掉的。

记者：也就是说，是一种反抗贫瘠生活的信念？

张翎：是的。实际上，我考了两次，1977年考过一次，因为政审的原因没被录取。1979年再考时，同样有许多阻拦。我决定考的时候，已经过完1979年春节，是二三月了，而高考是7月份，我就剩这么多时间，我就把工作辞了，我觉得我没有退路了，只有这条路可以走。我在四五个月的时间里非常努力地复习。后来我的成绩是全省外文类总分第一名。

记者：大学毕业后呢？

张翎：1983年我大学毕业后，分配在北京的煤炭部工作，做科技翻译，1986年出国留学，出国后我考取了行医执照。如今在加拿大负责一家诊所。在北京三年对我的世界观形成也有很大关系。我第一次知道什么叫博大，江南长大的我，到了北京，才感觉江南是一件很精致的金缕绣衣，我身子略微动一动，就会把那些针脚挣破。在北京，我不再需要原来的衣服，我需要一种博，一种大，一种更大的空间，于是我选择了出国。
关于文学

寻找理想的精神家园

记者：文学创作一般都是开始于文学阅读，你的文学阅读是怎么开始的？

张翎：上大学之前，我看的多是中国古典小说，如六朝小说，但那时能找到的书太少了。大学上的是英文系，我读了非常多的欧美文学，都是英文原著，如维多利亚时期狄更斯、哈代的小说，我还特别喜欢英诗。可以说，我的文学阅读大部分是在大学里完成的。

记者：你的文学创作也是大学里开始的吗？

张翎：大学里有写，但我第一篇作品并不在大学。说起来很好笑，我出国后，有一年在哈佛大学的燕京图书馆做一个海外华文作家的演讲，突然在图书馆里找到一本1977年的《浙江文艺》杂志，我在那上面看到了我平生发表的第一篇散文，叫《雷锋颂》。

记者：是处女作吗？

张翎：是的。那篇东西现在看来，一半是快板，一半是政治教材。我就觉得，我的眼光厘过岁月的积尘，看到我平生发表的第一篇文字，汗“哗”地就流了下来。（记者：无地自容？）是的，真的无地自容（笑）。我就想到，现在网络出现后，文字的流传方式是非常轻浮的，随意的，你都不知道任何情况下的时候，你的一篇文章就可能已经跑到某个国家的某个网站上了。而它的保存方式又是那样的凝重、不可更改。你一旦发表了一段文字，你永远不可以说，我将这段历史抹去。从那开始，我就想，我再也不写让我无地自容的文章了。

记者：继这篇处女作后，你在大学里写了什么文章？

张翎：大学里我在《福建文学》《东海》等省级刊物上发表了一两篇短篇小说，接下去就是长时间的沉默，因为我后来出国了。那时我感觉自己已接近于作家了，根本没意识到，后来还要经过十几年的沉默，才能真正成为一个严肃意义上的作家。

记者：那两篇小说满意吗？

张翎：绝对不满意！怎么能满意呢？那时的阅历也就那么多。（笑）

记者：为什么要沉默十几年？

张翎：我这人有很现实的一面，我总觉得精神的追求是一个硕大的金字塔的塔尖，物质的需求是金字塔的底座。有了底座，才能向上发展。我必须把谋生的那块处理完。因此，我毕业出国后的十年，读了两个学位，通过了北美行医的执照，成为听力康复医师。我是1986年出国，1996年才开始动笔写我的第一部长篇小说。也就是说，不再为衣食而奔忙的时候，才开始创作。

记者：那十年应该是你创作力最旺盛的十年，没有创作，是不是一种损失？

张翎：主观上，我是失去了创作力最旺盛的十年，但客观上，意想不到地帮助了我。刚留学、移民时，就像把一棵大树连根拔起，移植另一地方，一些树根已经下土，一些还浮在泥土表面，它对周围的气候、环境、土壤有一种很敏感、激烈、痛苦的反应与挣扎。如果那时就开始写作，叙述基调一定是激烈的、敏感的，接近于控诉的，像《北京人在纽约》《曼哈顿的中国女人》，所以有人把移民文学讲成第二次的“伤痕文学”。像那类的，主题是淘金梦啦，思乡啦，是很肤浅的。我在十年以后开始写，客观上帮助我，这些情绪都沉淀下去了，等于给了我理性的审美距离。严歌苓说过一段话，我很欣赏，她说一个人不能写离自己时间、空间太近的事。

记者：你现在有没有以写作为专业？

张翎：我想我的写作是件很独立的事，我不会做专职作家，虽然我可以以写作谋生。所谓的不媚俗有两个含义：一个是精神上的不媚俗，还有一个是对市场运作方式的不媚俗。如果你要做到在这两点上完全独立，就很难写出让自己足够谋生的小说。
记者：你大学学的是英文，浸润欧美文学多年，如今生活国外，有没尝试过英文写作，让自己更容易进入主流文学世界？

张翎：我不会写英文小说，虽然英文表达对我来说，一点都没问题。前些天看了张爱玲的英文小说，她的英文写作已经达到大师级，非常牛津、非常典雅，像一个非常精致的女人坐在窗口，摇着一块绣花手绢，但即使如此，对比她用中文写的《金锁记》《倾城之恋》，那些语言上的刁钻、尖刻、辛辣、放肆，在英文里根本没法表现。我想，英文对她是达意的语言，中文对她是传神的语言，对我自己，也是这样。

我可以写很通顺的英文小说，写能打动洋人心灵的作品，我很知道他们爱读什么。但我那些很放肆地表述自己的东西，在英文里无法表达。那么，是用有限的时间做一件喜欢的事（英文写作），也许很快就能成名；还是做一件至爱的事（中文写作），也许很慢才成名，或者永不成名？我选择后者，虽然我始终没认为自己成了什么气候，但至少写了几本让自己很痛快的书。

记者：很多作家在一生的创作中，有一个母题，或者说基本的主题，你有没有这样一个“母题”？

张翎：我一直在写、或者所要写的是一种状态，即“寻找”。我的场景有时在藻溪，有时在温州，有时在多伦多，有时在加州，就是说一个人的精神永远“在路上”，是寻找一种理想的精神家园的状况。可以是东方人到西方寻找，也可以是西方人到东方寻找，但这种寻找的状态是人类共通的

the 3rd one I am confused.

Anyone could explain?

2006年03月31日08:35 【字号大中小】【留言】【论坛】【打印】【关闭】

张枣认为中国还没出现大诗人，所以还没找到翻译外国大诗人的语言。张枣（第三代诗人代表人物，著有诗集《春秋来信》。）

　　已故的卞之琳曾以诗人、翻译家和过来人的三重身份，详述了中国新诗主要源于翻译诗的史实。而上世纪70年代末、80年代初期以来的诗人，也几乎无不承认写作受到了翻译诗的强烈影响，甚至对很多人来说，翻译诗对他们的影响要大于古典诗词。翻译家赵振江最近向记者提到，翻译界与创作界交流得太少，几乎没有一起开过研讨会，感觉就像两类毫不相干的人。

　　翻译诗如何影响中国诗人？诗歌翻译界与创作界交流有无必要？中国诗歌与翻译界目前面临的问题是什么？本报邀请到第三代诗人代表人物欧阳江河与张枣，与一辈子从事西班牙诗歌翻译的赵振江，一起交流了翻译诗与诗歌创作的共生性问题。欧阳江河讲到当年读到“一脸大海掉头而去”时仍激动不已。

　　糟糕的翻译反而产生爆炸性影响

　　新京报：诗歌批评中，有一种批判之词是说有些诗人写的诗像翻译诗。

　　欧阳江河：这种说法是成问题的。上世纪80年代之后，写作与翻译水乳交融，全球化已经反映在现实中，革命语体变成多样化的语言，难道写诗受外国诗歌的影响就是不爱国了？这种想法太狭隘了。

　　新京报：在刚刚走过一个信息饥饿的时代之初，哪一类的翻译诗对诗人所产生的冲击力要更大一些？

　　欧阳江河：在那个时代，一些读起来让人觉得不明所以的翻译诗对我们的冲击可能更大一些。1983年的时候，我读到翻译诗中类似“一脸大海掉头而去”和“多么缥缈的白色骨头”那种诗句，觉得太有意思了，根本不去想是不是翻译得不准确，因为这种表述方式对当时的我们来说是一种非常陌生的刺激。

　　张枣：当时流行的是革命语体（即完全无所指的套话）的封锁性非常强，因此糟糕的翻译反而会对人产生爆炸性影响，而且是越生硬、歧异效果越强的翻译，为我们打开的语言可能性就越大。

　　赵振江：我在翻译中有一个心得，就是给诗人翻译诗歌，用不着加工成汉语的诗歌，把翻译过来的原材料给诗人就行了。我以前不知道这一点，直到一些写诗的学生，如胡续冬等，找我要诗歌翻译的草稿而不要成稿，我才意识到给诗人译诗不需要进行很深的创作。

　　居然用革命语体翻译现代诗

　　新京报：翻译诗有没有对中国新诗创作产生一些负面的影响？

　　赵振江：首先是诗歌的选择性翻译对中国新诗的发展有阻碍作用，我们在向国内介绍西方文学时，有一段时间只介绍政治诗。譬如智利诗人聂鲁达的诗歌，他在20世纪50年代的时候就在中国非常风行，不过翻译的都是清一色的革命诗歌，那时候大家都以为《伐木者醒来吧》是他的代表作，实际上他的诗歌是由爱情诗、政治诗、超现实主义诗歌三类组成。

　　张枣：当年，翻译的筛选性很强，凡是表达孤独的、个人的、绝望情感的诗歌均不予以介绍。

　　欧阳江河：诗歌里的主流话语直接影响了创作。

　　张枣：但是，更严重的负面影响来自于有些译者用革命语体翻译现代诗。举例来说，朦胧诗人那一代中有一些人认为陈敬容翻译波德莱尔翻得很好，但我很少听诗人赞美梁宗岱的译本，梁宗岱曾经说要在法语诗歌中恢复宋词的感觉，但那种译法不一定直接刺激了诗人。实际上陈敬容的翻译中有很多错误，而且他也是革命语体的始作俑者之一，用革命语体翻译过来的诗歌都非常具有可朗读性，北岛他们的诗歌就是朗读性非常强。

　　欧阳江河：坏的翻译会对诗人带来不好的影响。譬如，我早就读到过德国诗人荷尔德林的名作《面包和美酒》，但是直到我出国后，张枣在荷尔德林的故居前现场为我翻译《面包和美酒》，我才非常震惊地发现，当初有人竟用革命语体翻译荷尔德林的诗歌，而且他居然能翻译出来？！墨西哥诗人奥克塔维奥·帕斯是诺贝尔文学奖获得者，西川在看到帕斯的一些译诗后惊叹帕斯怎么会写出那么糟糕的诗歌！那完全就是翻译的问题。

　　赵振江：上世纪二三十年代的那些诗人不存在这种问题，因为他们本身就是翻译家，包括我们在北大读书时，西语系的老师冯至、田德望、朱光潜全都是做文学创作和研究的人。后来，西方文学受到了很多批判，无法写作的诗人都变成翻译家了，而在历史动荡中成长起来的作家、诗人不能直接读外文了，创作界和翻译界才变成两类人。我一直觉得，翻译界和创作界应该经常地交流和沟通，尤其是西方文学研究者不是为了给西方人做翻译和研究，而是要给中国的创作界提供借鉴，现在老强调与国外接轨，但这不应该是我们承载的主要职责。

　　张枣：现在新的变化是新作家会外语了，这跟以前的时代有些类似。作家作为翻译家和职业翻译家是各有所长的。虽然我自己也翻译，但我只读职业家的翻译，我觉得职业翻译家才是真正的翻译。

　　雄鹰的泡沫PK雄鹰的翅膀

　　新京报：翻译界与诗歌界之间要提给对方的问题是什么？

　　赵振江：读者读到的外国诗人的诗歌实际上是经过我们翻译家进行二度创作之后的诗，我虽然发现诗人更喜欢原汁原味的，但是，出版社不会发表你这种不知所云的译本。那么译者怎么把握这个二度创作？聂鲁达有一首《雄鹰的泡沫》让我思量很久，到底是直译好，还是翻译成大家都能看明白的，譬如《雄鹰的翅膀》？

　　欧阳江河：翻译成“雄鹰的泡沫”真是太好了！泡沫与雄鹰之间有强烈的反差感，而“雄鹰的翅膀”就一点诗味都没有了。懂和不懂的问题，对诗人和翻译家好像是一个紧箍咒。

　　赵振江：我翻译的诗歌，可能我不懂，但诗人懂，而且喜欢。或者是我自己觉得不怎么样的诗歌，诗人们很喜欢。有些我不喜欢的诗歌，如果不是知道诗人们喜欢，我就不会去翻译。

　　张枣：我的翻译体会是，初级会外语的人也会翻译诗歌，而我在翻译时，愿意将诗歌独到的语言优美地传递给读者，那么存在的一个问题是，粗糙的直接的翻译可能更会导致语言与诗歌上的革命，而精微性的翻译最终是满足了翻译家自身的创作欲。

　　欧阳江河：翻译家和创作者的取向是不一致的，翻译家要考虑读者，而诗人寻求的是刺激因素。对诗人来说，最重要的是原创性和陌生感。词语有一定的症候，诗人要离开大家普通的阅读症候。所以，若要对诗歌产生实质影响，那么翻译家就要考虑尖端读者，我建议赵老师以后出书出两个译本，一个是给公众的正式译本，一个是给诗人的最原始译本。

　　赵振江：所以，我觉得翻译界与创作界需要交流，因为长期以来外语跟中文分家，翻译界对中国文学的关注是很少的，我想创作界对此肯定是不满意的，譬如他们认为很多大师的好作品没有翻译过来。

　　张枣：俄语法语德语英语中，对重要的诗人翻译得都不够，譬如荷尔德林、斯蒂文斯、庞德、保罗·彻兰，马拉美的诗还没有好的翻译。即使是一些已知作家，翻译得也远远不够，譬如达里奥、巴列赫、霍鲁伯、希梅内斯、阿莱克桑德雷。我想，翻译界和创作界的交流不是个人接触，而是对彼此的关注和进行作品间的交流。

　　欧阳江河：布洛茨基有一首诗是说一匹黑马来到我们中间，它黑得比底片还黑，它来到我们中间，寻找它的骑手。但它的黑暗没有被挖掘出来，就直接变成光明了。这可以比喻我们的翻译现状。

　　信达雅之“雅”要落实到何处？

　　新京报：是什么原因导致马拉美等大师的诗在中国没有得到好的翻译？这和中国缺乏大师级的诗人有无相关性？

　　欧阳江河：现在尽管社会很多元化，实际上中文写作突破能力已经疲软，出现很多小诗人，但没有大家。有几个诗人在全世界得到认可，而在中国没有得到认可，譬如阿什柏瑞，他最引人注目的是他的消极性，但对消极性的美学认识在中国还没有被提到重要程度，这跟诗歌界对诗的认识有关。

　　张枣：翻译和创作是共生共灭、相辅相成的，至今中国还没有找到翻译马拉美的语言。如果中国也出现像马拉美那么伟大的诗人，那翻译的难度就不会那么大。也就是说在未来出现好的中文，是未来翻译的必要基础。

　　赵振江：问题是，真正的好的汉语在哪？“信达雅”要落实到何处？信是有标准的，达是畅达，雅的标准在哪？记得有一次，俄语系开了一天文学翻译研讨会，讨论出来的结果是要做好翻译，必须俄语好中文也好，得出这个结论需要开一天的会吗？所以这是没法讨论的一个问题。

　　张枣：好的现代汉语是在一边走一边被发明，骑着驴找驴。我读研究生的时候，特别喜欢翻译散文，但觉得把英语结构翻译到中文很难，因为好的现代汉语不存在，现在翻译基本上容易，因为我们和西方基本上同步了，现在可以接受英语的直接说法，中国人也能看明白颠倒语句。

　　一个种族失去诗歌语言是很可悲的！

　　新京报：现在诗歌翻译与创作都已经形成一定的格局，在目前的社会环境中，中国诗歌界与翻译界最直接面临的问题是什么？

　　欧阳江河：现在有一种语言很恐怖，就是操作性语言、电脑语言，或者说根据词典一一对应的行话，现在很多根本不够格翻译诗歌的人去翻译诗歌，那太可怕了。有的人用一种语言翻译所有诗人的诗歌，这是在伤害诗歌。

　　这跟媒体有很大关系，因为媒体使用的语言讲究操作性，即一定落到要点，这是思维方式的问题。这也对诗人提出了历史性的课题，诗歌要保持发明性，探索语言的可能性和不可能性。诗歌语言是一个种族的触须，如果一个种族失去诗歌的语言，那是很可悲的！

　　赵振江：目前国内对翻译重视得不够，出现烂翻译是因为认为谁都能做翻译，做翻译不算成果。而且，我自己在翻译过程中体会，我们过于强调普及，以前是强调为工农兵服务，词汇量越来越窄，大家都说套话，我们迁就工农兵最后就全成工农兵了。现在没有为工农兵服务这种说法，但当初的要求导致的后果已经造成。

　　张枣：新时期的任务是丰富汉语，这是需要翻译家和创作界共同努力来解决的问题。

　　现在虽然是多元化了，但也是一片混乱，这种无序混乱是对以往那种限制性语言的反叛，尤其是网络语言特别突出，其他国家都没有像中国出现那么多网络语言。

　　本版采写/本报记者刘晋锋摄影/玲玲

欧阳江河讲到当年读到“一脸大海掉头而去”时仍激动不已。欧阳江河（第三代诗人代表人物，著有诗集《透过词语的玻璃》、《谁去谁留》。）

赵振江情不自禁地朗读起西班牙诗歌。赵振江（翻译家、北大西班牙语语言文学系教授、博导，曾翻译聂鲁达、帕斯、希梅内斯等人的诗集十余部，并翻译和校注西文版《红楼梦》。）

诗歌翻译对诗歌创作的影响

新华网（ 2004-04-29 08:11:28 ）稿件来源：中华读书报

■傅浩

诗歌翻译对诗歌创作的影响无论如何高估也不嫌过分。已故的卞之琳先生曾经在上个世纪八九十年代发表过一篇论述诗歌翻译对中国新诗的影响的长文（题目记不清了，只记得是登在《译林》杂志上），以诗人兼翻译家和过来人的三重身份详述了中国新诗主要源于翻译诗的史实。时至今日，没有诗歌翻译就没有中国新诗这一论断似乎已成文学界的共识。由于卞先生对中国新诗受翻译影响的情况论述甚详，这方面我就不再多讲，而是扩而大之，或具体而微，随意采撷一些古今中外类似的例证，以补充说明翻译造就中国新诗这一事实并非孤立独特，因而不足为奇，毋庸讳言。

诗歌翻译对诗歌创作的影响是多方面的。由显到隐，有诗体、词汇、句法、意象、比喻乃至思想观念等等。下面我们就简略地分而述之。

一、诗体。众所周知，中国新诗的体式除少量借自民间歌谣和传统诗词之外，大部分都是舶来品或仿制品，如最流行的自由体和各种各样的外来格律体，后者包括十四行诗、四行诗、三行诗、俳句等。实际上，与中国新诗几乎同时诞生的英语新诗的情形也是相似的。中国新诗或曰白话诗始于1917年《新青年》发表胡适的八首白话诗前后；英语新诗或曰现代诗则始于1910年前后出现在英国伦敦的意象主义运动。中国新诗与其旧诗或曰传统诗相区别的最明显特征是自觉用当代口语即白话写作，虽然最初所采用的诗体与传统诗体并无大的不同；英语新诗与其旧诗或曰传统诗相区别的最明显特征则是自觉用自由诗体写作，虽然最初所使用的语言仍未摆脱传统诗陈旧用语的窠臼。意象主义诗人的自由诗主要来自对法语自由诗的模仿，虽然早在50多年前美国诗人惠特曼就已率先自发自觉地使用自由体写诗了。但是惠特曼的地位和影响直到20世纪50年代才算真正被确认。而我怀疑，惠特曼的自由诗体很可能学自翻译文献。因为当惠特曼写作的时代，东方宗教和神秘法术在美国和欧洲相当流行，尤其印度教和佛教的经典被大量译介入英语，其中有些韵文被译成英语时变成了分行的散文。英语是印欧语系中较简单的一种语言；英语读者往往拙于学习外语，畏惧外来文化中陌生的元素，所以英语翻译向来以归化为主，即为了迎合读者而往往简化或稀释原文的难点。而宗教典籍更是以达意为主，诗体尤其是韵脚自然在翻译中最有可能被当做绊脚石抛开了。然而，原文的分行和诗歌语言的特征（如充满比喻性的意象等）却有可能被保留下来。从惠特曼的诗作和传记材料可知，他对这类翻译文献颇为熟悉，虽说他是否具体受哪种文献的启发创造了他自己的自由诗体，还是有待于考证的假设。类似地，法国的自由诗恐怕也不是凭空产生的。我对法国诗的情况不甚熟悉，姑且不论。实际上，西方曾有为自由诗辩护的评论家把自由诗的起源追溯到古希腊古罗马的一些极少见的无韵文，恨不得要与诗本身的起源相提并论，其论自然难以令人信服。

然而，有案可稽的还在于翻译。公元前3至2世纪由希伯来语译出的希腊语“旧约圣经”《七十子希腊文本》中想必就有把诗体译成分行或不分行的散文体的情况（古书的抄写或印刷往往不分行，分行则与自由诗无异）。由于我不谙希腊语，而且原书已佚，无从考证，姑且存此假说。公元四至五世纪译出的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》中则无疑有将诗译成散文或将格律诗译成自由诗的实例存在。最明显的例子可见于1611年出版的英文本《詹姆士一世王钦定圣经》。其中不仅散见的诗歌，如现存最早的一首希伯来语诗、《创世记》第4章第23－24节的“拉麦之歌”，而且汇集成卷的诗歌，如《诗篇》、《雅歌》、《耶利米哀歌》等，都被译成了散文。而英语“圣经”对文学的影响是不可估量的。至少可以说其中的散体译诗是英语散文诗的滥觞。

始自公元67年（汉明帝永平十年）的中国汉译佛经也遇到了类似的情况。佛经中大量的用诗体写成的偈、颂被翻译成了五言或七言的无韵诗。这种由于无奈而舍弃韵脚的简化译法在汉语中创造了一种新诗体。此后五、七言这类较四、六言更为活泼的奇数音节奏在中国大为风行，竟成了汉语习惯的主要诗体节奏了（而基于四声的平仄律也是在输入印度的反切拼音法之后才发展起来的）。后来中国本土的佛教徒如禅宗僧人表达悟道感受时往往采用偈这种形式，只不过有时会出于习惯顺便押上韵而已。与中国的五言无韵诗体极相似的是英语中的无韵诗体。它每行五个音步，每个音步调式前轻后重，不押韵，行数不限；是诗人萨利伯爵（1516年－1547年）在翻译古罗马诗人维吉尔的史诗《埃涅阿斯记》的过程中创造的。同样也是避重就轻、简化稀释，然而这种轻重格五音步节奏式后来被确认为最符合英语习惯的韵律，而被广泛应用于各种诗体。无韵体对英国诗剧的贡献尤大。萨克维尔与诺顿合作的《戈尔伯德克的悲剧》（1561年）最早采用无韵体。马娄（1564年－1593年）则真正使之成熟为戏剧人物道白的基本形式。莎士比亚继而用这自然活泼的形式把英国诗剧推向了巅峰。后来，弥尔顿用它写作了英国最伟大的文人史诗《失乐园》（1667年）。无韵体还被用来写作教喻诗、抒情诗和田园诗等。此外，被后人尊称为“英国诗歌之父”乔叟（1340年－1400年）也从法语移植了英雄双行体；怀亚特（1503年－1542年）和萨利伯爵还从意大利语移植了十四行体和连环三行体。可以说，近代英语中绝大部分诗体都是外来的，包括来自古希腊、罗马的，而这些诗体的引进最初都不免与翻译有关，所以不妨说，没有翻译就没有近代英诗。

直到20世纪，英国诗人也未停止通过翻译移植新的诗体。阿瑟·韦利（1889年－1966年）在翻译中国古诗的过程中自称“创造”了一种“有节奏的散文体”。韦利聪明或无奈地在其译文中省去了押韵，而仅仅致力于以一个英语重读音节对应一个汉字，以重现类似于原诗的整齐的节奏效果。实际上，他的新诗体与传统的无韵体并无实质的不同，只是较灵活或松散罢了，与杰拉德·曼雷·霍普金斯的“弹跳节奏”可谓异曲而同工。在韦利前后，埃兹拉·庞德、艾米·罗厄尔等人用自由体翻译中国古诗的实验更是对英语新诗运动起到了推波助澜的作用，一时间自由诗体泛滥成灾，从而导致庞德和艾略特向古典诗律回归求助。英语新诗还移植了其它一些东方诗体，如日语的俳句、短歌等。

二、词汇。任何一种语言都有通过翻译输入外来语的情况。诗歌自然不免使用外来语汇。英语中有许多来自希腊语、拉丁语、法语、北欧语、梵语、日本语乃至汉语（包括粤、闽等地方言）等多种语言的外来词语。汉语里也不乏来自梵语、日语、英语等的外来词语。有些好的翻译已经成为译入语中的成语，一般人都不知道其最初的来源了。我曾经听一位台湾的研究生说“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”是中国固有的成语，甚感惊讶。据我所知，这两句“成语”源自希伯来语“圣经”《摩西五经·出埃及记》第21章第23至25节，全句是“若有别害，就要以命偿命，以眼还眼，以牙还牙，以手还手，以脚还脚，以烙还烙，以伤还伤，以打还打。”而汉语里来自梵语佛经的成语更是数不胜数。

现在，中国诗人对西方诗歌（更准确地说，是西诗的汉译）的模仿学习可以说是空前地热衷。有些人甚至对汉译中的某些词语搭配也生吞活剥。我曾译过美国诗人罗伯特·布莱的一首散文诗，其中有“shining arms”一语，描写在清晨的阳光照耀下的女人的胳膊。我很拙劣地译成“晶莹的臂膀”，而不是一般化的“闪光的臂膀”。这种搭配的词语在汉语中很可能是独特的、不大容易想到的。然而，后来我偶然读到一位中国诗作者的作品，其中就有“晶莹的臂膀”一语。我想，不大可能是巧合吧？

三、句法。翻译对译入语的语法，尤其是句法，影响也颇大。诗歌翻译还进一步影响到诗行的安排。本来各种语言的句法都有符合各自口语习惯的特点，不宜相互移植。造成句法移植的原因在于对原文句式不加变通而逐字硬译，即只翻词语，不（完全）翻句法。关于汉语输入梵语句法的情况，可见梁启超《佛经翻译与文学》一文。世界各地的殖民地流行的洋泾浜外语则是句法回输的实例，现在“Long time no see”（好久不见）之类的中式英语已返销回英语了。英译“圣经”中保留了大量古希伯来语和希腊语的句法，对后世英语文学创作产生了不可估量的影响。另外，英国中小学校教授拉丁文，一向采用拉英对照课本，而其中的英译文往往只是按拉丁文词序逐字的对译，并非完全的翻译，英语有专门名称叫做“crib”。拉丁文的句法是较灵活的，它主要靠词尾变化来表示句子成分之间的相互关系；而英文的词序相对来说较严谨。照搬拉丁语句法的结果是英语中出现了大量倒装句等原先并不熟悉的复杂句式。这种非本土的拉丁化的英文后来在20世纪受到毛姆等有识作家的诟病，但在弥尔顿的时代却蔚为时尚，是一种有学问的标志。弥尔顿本人的创作就颇“洋化”，冗长的句子往往超出格律规定的五音步或六音步诗行，不得不跨行而居。他不仅在长篇“史诗”中频繁跨行，而且在十四行诗这种短诗体中有时也一跨到底。这种句法成了他的一大特点。

类似地，厄内斯特·费诺罗萨从师于两位日本汉学家学习中国古诗时所做笔记就是逐字对译式的标注。中国古诗往往在语法上有所省略，但中国读者阅读时会不自觉地在头脑中补足阙省的语法成分而使语法还原，所以并不会觉得不自然。然而，在不懂中文的庞德看来，那些彼此关系暧昧的英文单词却有着不同寻常的意蕴和美感。于是，他的创作中出现了大量成分残缺的不完全句。而“句法的错乱”后来被唐纳德·戴维概括为现代主义的一大特征。除中文之外，庞德还“翻译”了不少日语文献。他的著名的“俳句”《在一地铁站里》（1916）就不仅借用了日本的诗体，而且模仿了日本诗的句法：

人群中这些面孔的闪现；

湿黑的枝上，花瓣点点。

一般认为，这两行诗句是并置的，它们之间省略了构成明喻关系的系介词“好像”或表示暗喻关系的系词“是”。其实，庞德很可能并非有意省略，而是照搬了日本俳句的句法而已。我曾借阅过一部西方出版的多卷本日本俳句集，其编排方式是：一首日语俳句原文，下面是英文的逐字对译，再下面是详细的散文解说。其英译文正像庞德此诗一样，往往是没有动词的两行名词性短语的并置。庞德作此诗前想必读到过日本俳句的如此英译，甚或亲自尝试过翻译日本俳句呢。而在拉丁化的跨行句盛行了数百年之后，阿瑟·韦利又通过翻译模仿中国古诗的行尾停顿句，一时也令人耳目一新。其实，中古英语诗歌和谣曲中多行尾停顿句法，而中国古诗中也不是没有跨行现象。

这次来杭州参加“纪念诗歌”活动，看到其招贴上引用了歌德的一句话：“发现那些力量，使世界完整。”就觉得怪怪的，不像正常自然的汉语句式。我猜想，德语原文的意思可能是“发现那些使世界完整的力量”，中译文没有把原文的定语从句按汉语习惯提前，放到所限定的名词前面，而是一仍原文之旧，放在了所限定的名词之后，从而改变了定语从句的性质及其与所限定词的关系。这样的情况在拙劣的译文中会屡见不鲜。活动期间，有一位诗人对我谈起，他看过两种阿波利奈尔的诗的中译本：一种句子流畅，意思清楚；另一种句子支离破碎，意思晦涩，不知哪一种可信。我说，阿波利奈尔的原诗在法国人读起来绝不至于有支离破碎和费解之感，当然是流畅清楚的译文可信了，而且那位译者是我知道的有名的老翻译家。然而，那位年轻诗人说，他更喜欢另一种译文，觉得那才像诗的语感。一时间我无话可说。看来，真与美并非一回事。当然，他所谓的语感只是中译文的语感，与原文的语感无关。其实他可能是读多了拙劣的译诗，而误以为现代诗就该是那个样子。

我曾让一个学生试译一首诗，其中有这么一句：“A candle trembles／in the nun’s hands”。她译成“蜡烛颤抖／在修女的手上”。这就是拘泥于原文句式，不知变通的译法。应该译作“蜡烛在修女手中／颤动”，才合乎自然的中文语序习惯。现在有些汉语诗人写作时也这么写，觉得这样才像诗，殊不知这种拙劣的翻译腔句法在西方语言里固然正常，在中文里却不自然。还有一些新诗作者，尤其是台湾和香港人，总爱把“的”字放在行首，不知出于什么讲究。也许是为了避免以轻音结尾吧？其实在中文里，“的”字一般是紧跟着前一个词，作为形容词或所有格代词的一部分，应位于上一行末才对。而以轻音结尾、押阴韵的情况在中文里和在英文里一样正常。我想，割裂单词、把“的”字放在行首的写法可能是受了错误的或坏的翻译的影响所致。英语的“of”，无论按照语音还是语义，都自然与它后面的而非前面的词形成一组，所以可以与前面的词断开而放在行首。而中文就不行。例如原诗是“the bend／of the nest”，译成中文就应该写成“鸟巢的／腰箍”，而不应排作“腰箍／的鸟巢”。而类似后者的劣译确实存在。

从上述事实看来，在彼是简化，在此是创造；在彼是正常，在此是变异；在彼是传统，在此是新奇。由误译到误读再到误写，翻译对创作的影响是福？是祸？恐怕难以一概而论吧

Assertiveness

Being assertive means being positive and confident. You are aware that you are a worthy person with your own special gifts. You think for yourself and express your own ideas. You know what you stand for and what you won’t stand for. You expect respect.

Caring
Caring is giving love and attention to people and things that matter to you. When you care about people, you help them. You do a careful job, giving your very best effort. You treat people and things gently and respectfully. Caring makes the world a safer place.

Cleanliness
Cleanliness means washing often, keeping your body clean, and wearing clean clothes. It is putting into your body and your mind only the things that keep you healthy. It is staying free from harmful drugs. It is cleaning up mistakes and making a fresh start.

Commitment
Commitment is caring deeply about something or someone. It is deciding carefully what you want to do, then giving it 100%, holding nothing back. You give your all to a friendship, a task, or something you believe in. You finish what you start. You keep your promises.

Compassion
Compassion is understanding and caring when someone is hurt or troubled, even if you don’t know them. It is wanting to help, even if all you can do is listen and say kind words. You forgive mistakes. You are a friend when someone needs a friend.

Confidence
Confidence is having faith in someone. Self-confidence is trusting that you have what it takes to handle whatever happens. You feel sure of yourself and enjoy trying new things, without letting doubts or fears hold you back. When you have confidence in others, you rely on them.

Consideration
Consideration is being thoughtful of other people and their feelings. You consider how your actions affect them. You pay careful attention to what others like and don’t like, and do things that give them happiness.

Cooperation
Cooperation is working together and sharing the load. When we cooperate, we join with others to do things that cannot be done alone. We are willing to follow the rules which keep everyone safe and happy. Together we can accomplish great things.

Courage
Courage is bravery in the face of fear. You do the right thing even when it is hard or scary. When you are courageous, you don’t give up. You try new things. You admit mistakes. Courage is the strength in your heart.

Courtesy
Courtesy is being polite and having good manners. When you speak and act courteously, you give others a feeling of being valued and respected. Greet people pleasantly. Bring courtesy home. Your family needs it most of all. Courtesy helps life to go smoothly.

Creativity
Creativity is the power of imagination. It is discovering your own special talents. Dare to see things in new ways and find different ways to solve problems. With your creativity, you can bring something new into the world.

Detachment
Detachment is experiencing your feelings without allowing your feelings to control you. Instead of just reacting, with detachment you are free to choose how you will act. You use thinking and feeling together, so you can make smart choices.

Determination
You focus your energy and efforts on a task and stick with it until it is finished. Determination is using your will power to do something when it isn't easy. You are determined to meet your goals even when it is hard or you are being tested. With determination we make our dreams come true.

Diligence
Diligence is working hard and doing your absolute best. You take special care by doing things step by step. Diligence helps you to get things done with excellence and enthusiasm. Diligence leads to success.

Enthusiasm
Enthusiasm is being cheerful, happy, and full of spirit. It is doing something wholeheartedly and eagerly. When you are enthusiastic, you have a positive attitude. Enthusiasm is being inspired.

Excellence
Excellence is doing your best, giving careful attention to every task and every relationship. Excellence is effort guided by a noble purpose. It is a desire for perfection. The perfection of a seed comes in the fruit. When you practice excellence, you bring your gifts to fruition. Excellence is the key to success.

Flexibility
Flexibility is being open to change. You consider others’ ideas and feelings and don’t insist on your own way. Flexibility gives you creative new ways to get things done. You get rid of bad habits and learn new ones. Flexibility helps you to keep changing for the better.

Forgiveness
Being forgiving is giving someone another chance after they have done something wrong. Everyone makes mistakes. Instead of revenge, make amends. Forgive yourself too. Instead of feeling hopeless after a mistake, decide to act differently, and have faith that you can change.

Friendliness
Friendliness is being a friend, through good times and bad. You take an interest in other people and make them feel welcome. You share your belongings, your time and yourself. Friendliness is the best cure for loneliness.

Generosity
Generosity is giving and sharing. You share freely, not with the idea of receiving something in return. You find ways to give others happiness, and give just for the joy of giving. Generosity is one of the best ways to show love and friendship.

Gentleness
Gentleness is moving wisely, touching softly, holding carefully, speaking quietly and thinking kindly. When you feel mad or hurt, use your self-control. Instead of harming someone, talk things out peacefully. You are making the world a safer, gentler place.

Helpfulness
Helpfulness is being of service to others, doing thoughtful things that make a difference in their lives. Offer your help without waiting to be asked. Ask for help when you need it. When we help each other, we get more done. We make our lives easier.

Honesty
Honesty is being truthful and sincere. It is important because it builds trust. When people are honest, they can be relied on not to lie, cheat or steal. Being honest means that you accept yourself as you are. When you are open and trustworthy, others can believe in you.

Honor
Honor is living by the virtues, showing great respect for yourself, other people, and the rules you live by. When you are honorable, you keep your word. You do the right thing regardless of what others are doing. Honor is a path of integrity.

Humility
Being humble is considering others as important as yourself. You are thoughtful of their needs and willing to be of service. You don’t expect others or yourself to be perfect. You learn from your mistakes. When you do great things, humility reminds you to be thankful instead of boastful.

Idealism
When you have ideals, you really care about what is right and meaningful in life. You follow your beliefs. You don’t just accept things the way they are. You make a difference. Idealists dare to have big dreams and then act as if they are possible.

Integrity
Integrity is living by your highest values. It is being honest and sincere. Integrity helps you to listen to your conscience, to do the right thing, and to tell the truth. You act with intregity when your words and actions match. Integrity gives you self-respect and a peaceful heart.

Joyfulness
Joyfulness is an inner sense of peace and happiness. You appreciate the gifts each day brings. Without joyfulness, when the fun stops, our happiness stops. Joy can carry us through the hard times even when we are feeling very sad. Joy gives us wings.

Justice
Practicing justice is being fair. It is solving problems so everyone wins. You don’t prejudge. You see people as individuals. You don’t accept it when someone acts like a bully, cheats or lies. Being a champion for justice takes courage. Sometimes when you stand for justice, you stand alone.

Kindness
Kindness is showing you care, doing some good to make life better for others. Be thoughtful about people’s needs. Show love and compassion to someone who is sad or needs your help. When you are tempted to be cruel, to criticize or tease, decide to be kind instead.

Love
Love is a special feeling that fills your heart. You show love in a smile, a kind word, a thoughtful act or a hug. Love is treating people and things with care and kindness because they mean so much to you. Love is contagious. It keeps spreading.

Loyalty
Loyalty is staying true to someone. It is standing up for something you believe in without wavering. It is being faithful to your family, country, school, friends or ideals, when the going gets tough as well as when things are good. With loyalty, you build relationships that last forever.

Moderation
Moderation is creating a healthy balance in your life between work and play, rest and exercise. You don’t overdo or get swept away by the things you like. You use your self-discipline to take charge of your life and your time.

Modesty
Modesty is having self-respect. When you value yourself with quiet pride, you accept praise with humility and gratitude. Modesty is being comfortable with yourself and setting healthy boundaries about your body and your privacy.

Orderliness
Orderliness is being neat and living with a sense of harmony. You are organized, and you know where things are when you need them. Solve problems step by step instead of going in circles. Order around you creates order inside you. It gives you peace of mind.

Patience
Patience is quiet hope and trust that things will turn out right. You wait without complaining. You are tolerant and accepting of difficulties and mistakes. You picture the end in the beginning and persevere to meet your goals. Patience is a commitment to the future.

Peacefulness
Peacefulness is being calm inside. Take time for daily reflection and gratitude. Solve conflicts so everyone wins. Be a peacemaker. Peace is giving up the love of power for the power of love. Peace in the world begins with peace in your heart.

Perseverance
Perseverance is being steadfast and persistent. You commit to your goals and overcome obstacles, no matter how long it takes. When you persevere, you don't give up...you keep going. Like a strong ship in a storm, you don't become battered or blown off course. You just ride the waves.

Purposefulness
Being purposeful is having a clear focus. Begin with a vision for what you want to accomplish, and concentrate on your goals. Do one thing at a time, without scattering your energies. Some people let things happen. When you are purposeful, you make things happen.

Reliability
Reliability means that others can depend on you. You keep your commitments and give your best to every job. You are responsible. You don’t forget, and you don’t need to be reminded. Other people can relax knowing things are in your reliable hands.

Respect
We show respect by speaking and acting with courtesy. We treat others with dignity and honor the rules of our family, school and nation. Respect yourself, and others will respect you.

Responsibility
Being responsible means others can trust you to do things with excellence. You accept accountability for your actions. When you make a mistake, you offer amends instead of excuses. Responsibility is the ability to respond ably and to make smart choices.

Self-discipline
Self-discipline means self-control. It is doing what you really want to do, rather than being tossed around by your feelings like a leaf in the wind. You act instead of react. You get things done in an orderly and efficient way. With self-discipline, you take charge of yourself.

Service
Service is giving to others, making a difference in their lives. You consider their needs as important as your own. Be helpful without waiting to be asked. Do every job with excellence. When you act with a spirit of service, you can change the world.

Tact
Tact is telling the truth kindly, considerate of how your words affect others’ feelings. Think before you speak, knowing what is better left unsaid. When you are tactful, others find it easier to hear what you have to say. Tact builds bridges.

Thankfulness
Thankfulness is being grateful for what we have. It is an attitude of gratitude for learning, loving and being. Appreciate the little things that happen around you and within you every day. Think positively. Thankfulness brings contentment.

Tolerance
Being tolerant is accepting differences. You don’t expect others to think, look, speak or act just like you. You are free of prejudice, knowing that all people have feelings, needs, hopes and dreams. Tolerance is also accepting things you wish were different with patience and flexibility.

Trust
Trust is having faith in someone or something. It is a positive attitude about life. You are confident that the right thing will happen without trying to control it or make it happen. Even when difficult things happen, trust helps us to find the gift or lesson in it.

Trustworthiness
Trustworthiness is being worthy of trust. People can count on you to do your best, to keep your word and to follow through on your commitments. You do what you say you will do. Trustworthiness is a key to success in anything you do.

Truthfulness
Truthfulness is being honest in your words and actions. You don’t tell lies even to defend yourself. Don’t listen to gossip or prejudice. See the truth for yourself. Don’t try to be more than you are to impress others. Be yourself, your true self.

Understanding
Understanding is using your mind to think clearly, paying careful attention to see the meaning of things. An understanding mind gives you insights and wonderful ideas. An understanding heart gives you empathy and compassion for others. Understanding is the power to think and learn and also to care.

Unity
Unity helps us work and live together peacefully. We feel connected with each other and all living things. We value the specialness of each person as a gift, not as a reason to fight or be scared. With unity we accomplish more together than any of one of us could alone.

A bully is always a coward.
色厉内荏。
A burden of one's choice is not felt.
爱挑的担子不嫌重。
A candle lights others and consumes itself.
蜡烛照亮别人，却毁灭了自己。
A cat has 9 lives.
猫有九条命。
A cat may look at a king.
人人平等。
A close mouth catches no flies.
病从口入。
A constant guest is never welcome.
常客令人厌。
Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Adversity leads to prosperity.
穷则思变。
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.
逆境出人才。
A fair death honors the whole life.
死得其所，流芳百世。
A faithful friend is hard to find.
知音难觅。
A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑，长一智。
A fox may grow gray, but never good.
江山易改，本性难移。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真情。
A friend is easier lost than found.
得朋友难，失朋友易。
A friend is never known till a man has need.
需要之时方知友。
A friend without faults will never be found.
没有十全十美的朋友。
'After you' is good manners.
“您先请”是礼貌。
A good beginning is half done.
良好的开端是成功的一半。
A good beginning makes a good ending.
善始者善终。
A good book is a good friend.
好书如挚友。
A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.
一本好书，相伴一生。
A good conscience is a soft pillow.
不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。
A good fame is better than a good face.
美名胜过美貌。
A good husband makes a good wife.
夫善则妻贤。
A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。
A good wife health is a man's best wealth.
妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。
A great talker is a great liar.
说大话者多谎言。
A hedge between keeps friendship green.
君子之交淡如水。
A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend.
戏谑不能化敌为友，只能使人失去朋友。
A leopard cannot change its spots.
积习难改。
A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.
说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
A light heart lives long.
静以修身。
A little body often harbors a great soul.
浓缩的都是精品。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
一知半解，自欺欺人。
A little pot is soon hot.
狗肚子盛不得四两油。
All are brave when the enemy flies.
敌人逃窜时，人人都成了勇士。
All good things come to an end.
天下没有不散的筵席。
All rivers run into sea.
海纳百川。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
All that ends well is well.
结果好，就一切都好。
All that glitters is not gold.
闪光的不一定都是金子。
All things are difficult before they are easy.
凡事总是由难而易。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
A man becomes learned by asking questions.
不耻下问才能有学问。
A man can do no more than he can.
凡事都应量力而行。
A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.
一心不能二用。
A man is known by his friends.
什么人交什么朋友。
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
光说空话不做事，犹如花园光长刺。
A man without money is no man at all.
一分钱难倒英雄汉。
A merry heart goes all the way.
心旷神怡，事事顺利。
A miss is as good as a mile.
失之毫厘，差之千里。
A mother's love never changes.
母爱永恒。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一天一苹果，不用请医生。
A new broom sweeps clean.
新官上任三把火。
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
一日之计在于晨。
An old dog cannot learn new tricks.
老狗学不出新把戏。
An ounce of luck is better than a pound of wisdom.
聪明才智，不如运气。
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
预防为主，治疗为辅。
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。
As a man sows, so he shall reap.
种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
A single flower does not make a spring.
一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。
A snow year, a rich year.
瑞雪兆丰年。
A sound mind in a sound body.
健全的精神寓于健康的身体。
A still tongue makes a wise head.
寡言者智。
A stitch in time saves nine.
小洞不补，大洞吃苦。
A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.
身正不怕影子斜。
A wise head makes a close mouth.
真人不露相，露相非真人。
A word spoken is past recalling.
一言既出，驷马难追。
A year's plan starts with spring.
一年之计在于春。
A young idler, an old beggar.
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
Bad news has wings.
好事不出门，坏事传千里。
Barking dogs seldom bite.
吠犬不咬人。
Beauty lies in the love's eyes.
情人眼里出西施。
Be swift to hear, slow to speak.
听宜敏捷，言宜缓行。
Better late than never.
不怕慢，单怕站。
Better to ask the way than go astray.
问路总比迷路好。
Between friends all is common.
朋友之间不分彼此。
Birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚，人以群分。
Blood is thicker than water.
血浓于水。
Blood will have blood.
血债血偿。
Books and friends should be few but good.
读书如交友，应求少而精。
Business is business.
公事公办。
Business is the salt of life.
事业是人生的第一需要。
By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.
读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。
Cannot see the wood for the trees.
一叶障目，不见泰山。
Care and diligence bring luck.
谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
Caution is the parent of safety.
小心驶得万年船。
Cheats never prosper.
骗人发不了财。
Children are what the mothers are.
耳濡目染，身教言传。
Choose an author as you choose a friend.
择书如择友。
Come what may, heaven won't fall.
做你的吧，天塌不下来。
Complacency is the enemy of study.
学习的敌人是自己的满足。
Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.
自信是走向成功的第一步。
Constant dripping wears away a stone.
水滴石穿，绳锯木断。
Content is better than riches.
知足者常乐。
Count one's chickens before they are hatched.
蛋未孵先数雏。
Courtesy on one side only lasts not long.
来而不往非礼也。
Creep before you walk.
循序渐进。
Cry for the moon.
海底捞月。
Custom is a second nature.
习惯是后天养成的。
Custom makes all things easy.
有个好习惯，事事皆不难。
Diamond cuts diamond.
强中自有强中手。
Do as the Romans do.
入乡随俗。
Do as you would be done by.
己所不欲，勿施于人。
Doing is better than saying.
与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。
Do it now.
机不可失，时不再来。
Do nothing by halves.
凡事不可半途而废。
Don't claim to know what you don't know.
不要不懂装懂。
Don't have too many irons in the fire.
不要揽事过多。
Don't make a mountain out of a molehill.
不要小题大做。
Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.
今日事，今日毕。
Don't put the cart before the horse.
不要本末倒置。
Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.
不要自找麻烦。
Don't try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
不要班门弄斧。
Do well and have well.
善有善报。
Each bird love to hear himself sing.
孤芳自赏。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起身体好。
Easier said than done.
说得容易，做得难。
Easy come, easy go.
来也匆匆，去也匆匆。
Eat to live, but not live to eat.
人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。
Empty vessels make the greatest sound.
实磨无声空磨响，满瓶不动半瓶摇。
Envy has no holidays.
忌妒之人无宁日。
Even Homer sometimes nods.
智者千虑，必有一失。
Even reckoning makes long friends.
亲兄弟，明算账。
Every advantage has its disadvantage.
有利必有弊。
Everybody's business is nobody's business.
人人负责，等于没人负责。
Every day is not Sunday.
好景不常在。
Every dog has his day.
谁都有得意的时候。
Every door may be shut, but death's door.
人生在世，唯死难逃。
Every heart has its own sorrow.
各人有各人的苦恼。
Every little helps a mickle.
聚沙成塔，集腋成裘。
Every man for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost.
人不为己，天诛地灭。
Every man has his faults.
金无足赤，人无完人。
Every man has his hobbyhorse.
萝卜青菜，各有所爱。
Every man has his weak side.
人人都有弱点。
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
自己的命运自己掌握。
Every minute counts.
分秒必争。
Every mother's child is handsome.
孩子是自己的好。
Every potter praises hit pot.
王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。
Everything is good when new, but friends when old.
东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲。
Example is better then percept.
说一遍，不如做一遍。
Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.
经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。
Experience must be bought.
吃一堑，长一智。
Fact speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
False friends are worse than bitter enemies.
明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
Far from eye, far from heart.
眼不见，心不烦。
Far water does not put out near fire.
远水救不了近火。
Faults are thick where love is thin.
一朝情意淡，样样不顺眼。
Fear always springs from ignorance.
恐惧源于无知。
Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.
隔墙有耳。
Fire and water have no mercy.
水火无情。
Fire is a good servant but a bad master.
火是一把双刃剑。
First come, first served.
先来后到。
First impressions are half the battle.
初次见面，印象最深。
First think and then speak.
先想后说。
Fools grow without watering.
朽木不可雕。
Fool's haste is no speed.
欲速则不达。
Fools has fortune.
呆人有呆福。
Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.
愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。
Forbidden fruit is sweet.
禁果格外香。
Fortune favors those who use their judgement.
机遇偏爱善断之人。
Fortune knocks once at least at every man's gate.
风水轮流转。
Four eyes see more than two.
集思广益。
Friends agree best at distance.
朋友之间也会保持距离。
Friends are thieves of time.
朋友是时间的窃贼。
Friends must part.
再好的朋友也有分手的时候。
Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.
天才不过是勤奋而已。
Give a dog a bad name and hang him.
众口铄金，积毁销骨。
God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
Gold will not buy anything.
黄金并非万能。
Good for good is natural, good for evil is manly.
以德报德是常理，以德报怨大丈夫。
Good health is over wealth.
健康是最大的财富。
Good medicine for health tastes bitter to the mouth.
良药苦口利于病。
Good watch prevents misfortune.
谨慎消灾。
Great barkers are no biters.
好狗不挡道。
Great hopes make great man.
伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。
Great minds think alike.
英雄所见略同。
Great men have great faults.
英雄犯大错误。
Great men's sons seldom do well.
富不过三代。
Great trees are good for nothing but shade.
大树底下好乘凉。
Great wits have short memories.
贵人多忘事。
Greedy folks have long arms.
心贪手长。
Guilty consciences make men cowards.
做贼心虚。
Habit cures habit.
心病还需心药医。
Handsome is he who does handsomely.
行为漂亮才算美。
Happiness takes no account of time.
欢乐不觉时光过。
Happy is he who owes nothing.
要想活得痛快，身上不能背债。
Happy is the man who learns from the misfortunes of others.
吸取他人教训，自己才会走运。
Harm set, harm get.
害人害己。
Hasty love, soon cold.
一见钟情难维久。
Health is better than wealth.
健康胜过财富。
Health is happiness.
健康就是幸福。
Hear all parties.
兼听则明。
Heaven never helps the man who will not act.
自己不动，叫天何用。
He is a fool that forgets himself.
愚者忘乎所以。
He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs.
背后说好话，才是真朋友。
He is a wise man who speaks little.
聪明不是挂在嘴上。
He is lifeless that is faultless.
只有死人才不犯错误。
He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself.
正人先正己。
He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.
自嘲者不会让人见笑。
He is wise that is honest.
诚实者最明智。
He knows most who speaks least.
大智若愚。
He laughs best who laughs last.
谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
He sets the fox to keep the geese.
引狼入室。
He that climbs high falls heavily.
爬得越高，摔得越重。
He that will not work shall not eat.
不劳动者不得食。
He who does not advance loses ground.
逆水行舟，不进则退。
He who makes constant complaint gets little compassion.
经常诉苦，没人同情。
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
想不犯错误，就一事无成。
He who risks nothing gains nothing.
收获与风险并存。
History repeats itself.
历史往往重演。
Honesty is the best policy.
做人诚信为本。
Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.
抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。
I cannot be your friend and your flatterer too.
朋友不能阿谀奉承。
If a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me.
上当一回头，再多就可耻。
If you make yourself an ass, don't complain if people ride you.
人善被人欺，马善被人骑。
If your ears glow, someone is talking of you.
耳朵发烧，有人念叨。
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.
脚踏两条船，必定落空。
If you sell the cow, you sell her milk too.
杀鸡取卵。
If you venture nothing, you will have nothing.
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.
要想求知，就得吃苦。
Industry is the parent of success.
勤奋是成功之母。
It is better to die when life is a disgrace.
宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。
It is easier to get money than to keep it.
挣钱容易攒钱难。
It is easy to be wise after the event.
事后诸葛亮好当。
It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open.
创业容易守业难。
It is hard to please all.
众口难调。
It is never too old to learn.
活到老，学到老。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
It is the first step that costs troublesome.
万事开头难。
It is the unforeseen that always happens.
天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。
It is too late to grieve when the chance is past.
坐失良机，后悔已迟。
It never rains but it pours.
不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。
It takes three generations to make a gentleman.
十年树木，百年树人。
Jack of all trades and master of none.
门门精通，样样稀松。
Judge not from appearances.
人不可貌相，海不可斗量。
Justice has long arms.
天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
Keep good men company and you shall be of the number.
近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
Kill two birds with one stone.
一箭双雕。
Kings go mad, and the people suffer for it.
君王发狂，百姓遭殃。
Kings have long arms.
普天之下，莫非王土。
Knowledge is power.
知识就是力量。
Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.
博学使人谦逊，无知使人骄傲。
Learn and live.
活着，为了学习。
Learning makes a good man better and ill man worse.
好人越学越好，坏人越学越坏。
Learn not and know not.
不学无术。
Learn to walk before you run.
先学走，再学跑。
Let bygones be bygones.
过去的就让它过去吧。
Let sleeping dogs lie.
别惹麻烦。
Let the cat out of the bag.
泄漏天机。
Lies can never changes fact.
谎言终究是谎言。
Lies have short legs.
谎言站不长。
Life is but a span.
人生苦短。
Life is half spent before we know what it is.
人过半生，方知天命。
Life is not all roses.
人生并不是康庄大道。
Life without a friend is death.
没有朋友，虽生犹死。
Like a rat in a hole.
瓮中之鳖。
Like author, like book.
文如其人。
Like father, like son.
有其父必有其子。
Like for like.
一报还一报。
Like knows like.
惺惺相惜。
Like mother, like daughter.
有其母必有其女。
Like teacher, like pupil.
什么样的老师教什么样的学生。
Like tree, like fruit.
羊毛出在羊身上。
Little things amuse little minds.
小人无大志。
Look before you leap.
摸清情况再行动。
Lookers-on see more than players.
当局者迷，旁观者清。
Losers are always in the wrong.
胜者为王，败者为寇。
Lost time is never found again.
岁月既往，一去不回。
Love at first sight.
一见钟情。
Love cannot be compelled.
爱情不能强求。
Love is blind.
爱情是盲目的。
Love is full of trouble.
爱情充满烦恼。
Love is never without jealousy.
没有妒忌就没有爱情。
Love me, love my dog.
爱屋及乌。
Make hay while the sun shines.
良机勿失。
Make your enemy your friend.
化敌为友。
Man is the soul of the universe.
人是万物之灵。
Man proposes, God disposes.
谋事在人，成事在天。
Many hands make light work.
众人拾柴火焰高。
Many heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。
Many things grow in the garden that were never sown there.
有心栽花花不发，无心插柳柳成荫。
Measure for measure.
针锋相对。
Misfortunes never come alone.
祸不单行。
Misfortune tests the sincerity of friends.
患难见真情。
Money isn't everything.
钱不是万能的。
Murder will out.
纸包不住火。
My son is my son till he has got him a wife, but my daughter is my daughter all the days of her life.
儿子婚前是儿子，女儿终生是女儿。
Nature is the true law.
天行有常，不为尧存，不为桀亡。
Necessity is the mother of invention.
需要是发明的动力。
Never fish in trouble water.
不要混水摸鱼。
Never judge from appearances.
不可以貌取人。
Never say die.
永不言败。
Never too old to learn, never too late to turn.
亡羊补牢，为时未晚。
New wine in old bottles.
旧瓶装新酒。
No cross, no crown.
不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。
No garden without its weeds.
没有不长草的园子。
No living man all things can.
世上没有万事通。
No man can do two things at once.
一心不可二用。
No man is born wise or learned.
没有生而知之者。
No man is content.
人心不足蛇吞象。
No man is wise at all times.
聪明一世，糊涂一时。
None are so blind as those who won't see.
视而不见。
None are so deaf as those who won't hear.
充耳不闻。
No news is good news.
没有消息就是好消息。
No one can call back yesterday.
昨日不会重现。
No pains, no gains.
没有付出就没有收获。
No pleasure without pain.
没有苦就没有乐。
No rose without a thorn.
没有不带刺的玫瑰。
No sweet without sweat.
先苦后甜。
No smoke without fire.
无风不起浪。
Nothing brave, nothing have.
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
Nothing dries sooner than a tear.
眼泪干得最快。
Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难事，只怕有心人。
Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.
世上无难事，只要肯登攀。
Nothing seek, nothing find.
没有追求就没有收获。
Nothing is so necessary for travelers as languages.
外出旅行，语言最要紧。
Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.
世上唯有贫穷可以不劳而获。
Not to advance is to go back.
不进则退。
Not to know what happened before one was born is always to be a child.
不懂世故，幼稚可笑。
No way is impossible to courage.
勇者无惧。
Obedience is the first duty of a soldier.
军人以服从命令为天职。
Observation is the best teacher.
观察是最好的老师。
Offense is the best defense.
进攻是最好的防御。
Old friends and old wines are best.
陈酒味醇，老友情深。
Old sin makes new shame.
一失足成千古恨。
Once a man and twice a child.
一次老，两次小。
Once a thief, always a thief.
偷盗一次，做贼一世。
Once bitten, twice shy.
一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。
One cannot put back the clock.
时钟不能倒转。
One eyewitness is better than ten hearsays.
百闻不如一见。
One false move may lose the game.
一着不慎，满盘皆输。
One good turn deserves another.
行善积德。
One hour today is worth two tomorrow.
争分夺秒效率高。
One man's fault is other man's lesson.
前车之鉴。
One never loses anything by politeness.
讲礼貌不吃亏。
One swallow does not make a summer.
一燕不成夏。
One's words reflect one's thinking.
言为心声。
Out of debt, out of danger.
无债一身轻。
Out of office, out of danger.
无官一身轻。
Out of sight, out of mind.
眼不见，心为静。
Patience is the best remedy.
忍耐是良药。
Penny wise, pound foolish.
贪小便宜吃大亏。
Plain dealing is praised more than practiced.
正大光明者，说到的多，做到的少。
Please the eye and plague the heart.
贪图一时快活，必然留下隐祸。
Pleasure comes through toil.
苦尽甘来。
Pour water into a sieve.
竹篮子打水一场空。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
Praise is not pudding.
恭维话不能当饭吃。
Praise makes good men better, and bad men worse.
好人越夸越好，坏人越夸越糟。
Prefer loss to unjust gain.
宁可吃亏，不贪便宜。
Prevention is better than cure.
预防胜于治疗。
Pride goes before, and shame comes after.
骄傲使人落后。
Promise is debt.
一诺千金。
Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience.
谚语是日常经验的结晶。
Pull the chestnut out of fire.
火中取栗。
Put the cart before the horse.
本末倒置。
Put your shoulder to the wheel.
鼎力相助。
Reading enriches the mind.
开卷有益。
Reading is to the mind while exercise to the body.
读书健脑，运动强身。
Respect yourself, or no one else will respect you.
要人尊敬，必须自重。
Rome is not built in a day.
冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
Saying is one thing and doing another.
言行不一。
Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
Seek the truth from facts.
实事求是。
Send a wise man on an errand, and say nothing to him.
智者当差，不用交代。
Set a thief to catch a thief.
以贼捉贼。
Short accounts make long friends.
好朋友勤算账。
Something is better than nothing.
聊胜于无。
Soon learn, soon forgotten.
学得快，忘得快。
Soon ripe, soon rotten.
熟得快，烂得快。
Speech is silver, silence is gold.
能言是银，沉默是金。
Still water run deep.
静水常深。
Strike the iron while it is hot.
趁热打铁。
Success belongs to the persevering.
坚持就是胜利。
Take things as they come.
既来之，则安之。
Talking mends no holes.
空谈无补。
Talk of the devil and he will appear.
说曹操，曹操就到。
Tall trees catch much wind.
树大招风。
Teach others by your example.
躬亲示范。
The best hearts are always the bravest.
无私者无畏。
The best man stumbles.
伟人也有犯错时。
The cat shuts its eyes when stealing.
掩耳盗铃。
The danger past and God forgotten.
过河拆桥。
The darkest hour is nearest the dawn.
黎明前的黑暗。
The darkest place is under the candlestick.
烛台底下最暗。
The devil knows many things because he is old.
老马识途。
The devil sometimes speaks the truth.
魔鬼有时也会说真话。
The die is cast.
木已成舟。
The early bird catches the worm.
早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
The end justifies the means.
只要目的正当，可以不择手段。
The end makes all equal.
死亡面前，人人平等。
The eye is bigger than the belly.
贪多嚼不烂。
The farthest way about is the nearest way home.
抄近路反而绕远路。
The finest diamond must be cut.
玉不琢，不成器。
The fire is the test of gold, adversity of strong man.
烈火验真金，艰难磨意志。
The first step is the only difficulty.
迈出第一步是最艰难的。
The fox knew too much, that's how he lost his tail.
机关算尽太聪明，反误了卿卿性命。
The fox preys farthest from home.
兔子不吃窝边草。
The frog in the well knows nothing of the great ocean.
坐井观天。
The grass is greener on the other side.
这山望着那山高。
The greatest talkers are always least doers.
语言的巨人总是行动的矮子。
The higher up, the greater the fall.
爬得高，摔得惨。
The leopard cannot change its spots.
本性难移。
The more noble, the more humble.
人越高尚，越谦虚。
The more wit, the less courage.
初生牛犊不怕虎。
The outsider sees the most of the game.
旁观者清。
The pen is mightier than the sword.
笔能杀人。
The pot calls the kettle black.
五十步笑百步。
There are spots in the sun.
太阳也有黑点。
There are two sides to every question.
问题皆有两面。
There is a skeleton in the cupboard.
家家有本难念的经。
There is kindness to be found everywhere.
人间处处有温情。
There is no general rule without some exception.
任何法规均有例外。
There is no medicine against death.
没有长生不老药。
There is no place like home.
金窝银窝不如咱的狗窝。
There is no royal road to learning.
书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。
The style is the man.
字如其人。
The tongue is not steel, yet it cuts.
人言可畏。
The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.
水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows all.
清者自清，浊者自浊。
The wolf has a winning game when the shepherds quarrel.
螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后。
The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go down.
世界如阶梯，有人上有人下。
The world is but a little place, after all.
海内存知己，天涯若比邻。
Think twice before you do.
三思而后行。
Things at the worst will mend.
否极泰来。
Time and tide wait for no man.
时不我待。
Time cures all things.
时间是医治一切创伤的良药。
Time flies.
光阴似箭。
Time is money.
时间就是金钱。
Time lost cannot be won again.
时光流逝，不可复得。
Time past cannot be called back again.
时间不能倒流。
Time tries all.
路遥知马力，日久见人心。
Tit for tat is fair play.
人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人。
To err is human.
人非圣贤，孰能无过。
To know everything is to know nothing.
什么都知道，一如什么都不知道。
To know oneself is true progress.
人贵有自知之明。
Tomorrow never comes.
我生待明日，万事成蹉跎。
Too much familiarity breeds contempt.
过分熟悉会使人互不服气。
Too much knowledge makes the head bald.
学问太多催人老。
Too much liberty spills all.
自由放任，一事无成。
Too much praise is a burden.
过多夸奖，反成负担。
To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就是延长生命。
Touch pitch, and you will be defiled.
常在河边走，哪有不湿鞋。
Troubles never come singly.
福无双至，祸不单行。
Truth never grows old.
真理永存。
Turn over a new leaf.
洗心革面，改过自新。
Two dogs strive for a bone, and a third runs away with it.
鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。
Two heads are better than one.
一个好汉三个帮。
Two of a trade seldom agree.
同行是冤家。
Two wrongs do not make a right.
别人错了，不等于你对了。
Unity is strength.
团结就是力量。
Unpleasant advice is a good medicine.
忠言逆耳利于行。
Until all is over one's ambition never dies.
不到黄河心不死。
Venture a small fish to catch a great one.
吃小亏占大便宜。
Virtue is fairer far than beauty.
美德远远胜过美貌。
Walls have ears.
小心隔墙有耳。
Wash your dirty linen at home.
家丑不可外扬。
Water dropping day by day wears the hardest rock away.
滴水穿石。
Wealth is nothing without health.
失去健康，钱再多也没用。
We know not what is good until we have lost it.
好东西，失去了才明白。
Well begun is half done.
好的开始，是成功的一半。
We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
井干方知水可贵。
We shall never have friends if we expect to find them without fault.
欲求完美无缺的朋友必然成为孤家寡人。
We should never remember the benefits we have offered nor forget the favor received.
自己的好事别去提，别人的恩惠要铭记。
Wet behind the ears.
乳臭未干。
Whatever you do, do with all your might.
不管做什么，都要一心一意。
What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.
儿时所学，终生难忘。
What's done cannot be undone.
生米煮成熟饭了。
What's lost is lost.
失者不可复得。
What we do willingly is easy.
愿者不难。
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
入国问禁，入乡随俗。
When everybody's somebody then nobody's anybody.
人人都伟大，世间没豪杰。
When sorrow is asleep, wake it not.
伤心旧事别重提。
When sorrows come, they come not single spies, but in battalions.
新仇旧恨，齐上心头。
When the fox preaches, take care of your geese.
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，没安好心。
When wine is in truth, wit is out.
酒后吐真言。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Where there is life, there is hope.
留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
Where there is smoke, there is fire.
事出有因。
While the priest climbs a post, the devil climbs ten.
道高一尺，魔高一丈。
Who chatters to you, will chatter of you.
搬弄口舌者必是小人。
Whom the gods love die young.
好人不长命。
Wise man have their mouths in their hearts, fools have their hearts in their mouths.
智者嘴在心里，愚者心在嘴里。
Work makes the workman.
勤工出巧匠。
You cannot burn the candle at both ends.
蜡烛不能两头点，精力不可过分耗。
You cannot eat your cake and have it.
鱼与熊掌，不可得兼。
You can take a horse to the water but you cannot make him drink.
强扭的瓜不甜。
You may know by a handful the whole sack.
由一斑可知全貌。
You never know what you can till you try.
是驴子是马，拉出来遛遛

http://windpub.com/literary.scams/endall.htm

情绪反复无常及边缘型人格障碍 (转贴)
- 李昶 -

　　我们大家在生活中都见过这种人：他／她喜怒无常，翻手为云，覆手为雨，对人亲近的时候，亲密得似乎要扒下衣服来给你穿，信誓旦旦，誓与你铁哥儿们铁姐儿们到底；可转眼之间，一句话不对，马上翻脸，你便成了他／她最大的仇敌，他／她经常说话毫不留情，批评指责，挑剔刁难，尖酸刻薄，又哭又闹，都是他人错自己对；他／她似乎可以把你当成垃圾，随手扔进垃圾桶内；他／她说话可能半真半假。再下来，你觉得惹不起，还是躲躲吧，但如果你想躲，他／她会更愤怒，倒头来你躲都躲不起。这种人情绪上来，可以要死要活，把一个家折腾得天翻地覆。再接下来，这边你心理情绪受到伤害，心里还痛苦不堪，那边他／她又阴转晴，像没事或什么事都没发生过一样。

　　这种情绪反复无常的人，还有许多情绪行为模型的变种，但大多数情况下是不出上述例子或不会差太远。在过去传统中，有时把这种人称为歇斯底里（Ｈｙｓｔｅｒｉａ）。

　　这种人往往把身边的家人，周围的邻居以及同事搞糊涂。人们搞不懂此人为什么会如此情绪反复无常，往往对这种人感到束手无策，除了老板可以炒他／她鱿鱼，开除了事，来个眼不见，心不烦。可是家人呢？配偶呢？孩子呢？家庭婚姻关系你是逃不掉的，除非是配偶想走离婚这条路。如果有这种人在家里，大家都在痛苦中挣扎。

　　情绪起伏波动，人人都有，并不是说所有情绪反复无常的人就是有人格障碍。但是，有一部分情绪波动很大，而每次都类似于本文第一段举的例子，这种人可能就具有一种特殊的人格障碍：边缘型人格障碍（ｂｏｒｄｅｒｌｉｎｅ　ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｔｙ　ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ）。

　　至于边缘型人格障碍是怎样形成的，科学家们、学者们各说不一。有的认为是与遗传密码有关；有的认为与体内生化物质的分泌有关；有的则认为与心理创伤（ｔｒａｕｍａ）以及心理创伤后压力综合症（ｐｏｓｔ－ｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃ　ｓｔｒｅｓｓ　ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ－ＰＴＳＤ）有关。也有的心理学、精神病学专家认为它的出现，实际上是一种在情绪上产生的分裂（Ｄｉｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ），它使与引起心中焦虑或忧郁的人或事分离开来，与过去的心理创伤分离开来。也有的专家认为它是人的意识部分的扭曲和变形，而当事人的情绪和行为反映，是按照这种扭曲的方式进行的。

　　无论哪种学派学说，专家们大致都会同意以下观点：边缘型人格障碍不是精神分裂，当事人不会产生幻像幻听，能够准确地认识现实中的人与事，即现实评估能力（ｒｅａｌｉｔｙ　ｔｅｓｔ）没有丧失。它的产生与人体内部的生化物质与生理编码有关，这使这种人对于生活压力（ｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｓ）的承受能力降低，从而引致情绪的不断起伏波动。这种人往往显得聪明，显得自信。他／她可以滔滔不绝，但说了半天，听者还是不得要领，因为他／她讲的内容可以东拉西扯（ｓｈｏｏｔｉｎｇ　ｅｖｅｒｙｗｈｅｒｅ）。另外，这种人的生活，由于自身情绪的不稳定，会导致自己生活在一系列的危机中（ａｌｗａｙｓ　ｉｎ　ｃｒｉｓｅｓ）。一件事才了，另一件麻烦又起。同这种人生活在一起，就像忙着做消防员，前院火才扑灭，后院又燃起火来了。很累。

　　根据美国《精神病诊断以数据指南——ＤＳＭ－ＩＶ》的诊断分类标准，患有边缘型人格障碍的人因为害怕被抛弃，便不顾一切地去防止自己被他人抛弃。这样导致在处理人际关系时走极端，要不把对方理想化，要不把对方贬得一文不值，所以他／她的人际关系一直是不稳定的、多变的。这种人的自信心低下，自我形象的表达不佳，而自我角色的定位也是不确定的。这种人做事说话冲动，情绪一不稳定就可能乱花钱买东西，滥交，吸毒，疯狂开车，大吃大喝等等。这种人可能产生自杀想法，或有自残行为。这种人可能烦躁不安，一会可能焦虑担心，一会又觉得内心空虚无聊；可能易发怒，而怒火中烧的怒气往往与现实不成比例，即一件小事也可能引起一声大脾气；他／她也可能怀疑他人要整自己，从而内心对他人或事产生冷淡情绪。从人口分布来说，边缘型人格障碍分布于各种民族种族，占人口总数约２％，患者中约７５％是女性。边缘型人格障碍是各种人格障碍中的一个大类，占全部人格障碍患者约３０％－６０％的比例。

　　这种人对于生活压力的承受力小，所以很容易产生焦虑和不安全感。他／她与有焦虑症的人不同的是，焦虑症往往减弱人的行动能力，情绪上也较低调，而患有边缘型人格障碍的人情绪大起大落，行动上冲动不计后果。这两种人都喜欢看问题要么全好，要么全坏，很少有中间的灰色区域（Ｇｒｅｙ　ａｒｅａ），所以喜欢评价他人，贬低他人。但不同的是，对于具有边缘型人格障碍的人，如果你不是他／她的朋友，那你就连垃圾都不如。

　　患有边缘型人格障碍的人，看问题不管前因后果，他／她对人与事的理解是单一的、独立的，因而他／她的结论也往往是脱离事物产生的客观情况。这种人表面上敢爱敢恨，可以叫自己所爱的人马上滚蛋，如果对方真要走，他／她会产生更疯狂的忿怒，因为边缘型人格的核心是害怕被抛弃，但他／她又不知道怎样去维护珍惜最想要的人际关系。不懂得怎样处理人际关系是这种人格障碍的另一核心。

　　患有边缘型人格障碍的人，喜欢把自己的毛病说成他人的毛病，即产生心理投射（ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ）。他／她情绪好时可能会认为自己无所不能，还可能产生魔力的想法（ｍａｇｉｃａｌ　ｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇ），即指只要按某种方式去想，可以催促产生真正的事情。

　　这种人也常产生忧郁感，觉得生活没意思，没希望，自己不如人但又看不起他人，空虚无聊。这种人把人都得罪完了以后，或许会产生内疚感。但如果他人真正回到这种关系中，一切又会重新开始。他／她以自己的方式，创造了孤独和被他人拒绝；心理上依赖他人，但又不能忍受自己所依赖的人，所以他／她的人际关系中产生的内容往往是急风骤雨式的，来得快走得也快。他／她对他人有强烈的要求，似乎觉得他人的服从是理所当然的。

　　患有边缘型人格障碍的人，往往给人的第一印象是聪明、机智、好玩、喜欢享受，可以成为一个好朋友，但一旦与其有一定的交往以后，上述的各种问题就可以慢慢显示出来，而卷入其中的每一个人都可能受到情感上心理上的伤害。

　　至于怎样帮助患有边缘型人格障碍的人，一般建议是一定要去看精神科医生，辅之以心理辅导。同时帮助患者身边家人理解这种病症也很重要，这样患者身边的人才不至于因为不断受到患者情绪上的伤害而放弃努力。要理解患者是极端矛盾的综合体，那些伤人的话听了也不要太往心里去。患者需要的是不断的支持、关怀和耐心（当然身边的人的耐心有时会被推到极限）。要治疗边缘型人格障碍患者，最好还是遵医嘱行事。最后至于患者听不听，能不能改变，也要看天意了。

　　以上纯属个人意见，仅供参考。

（本文原载于《北美时报》）

Aesop's fable

Title: The Bald Knight

A BALD KNIGHT, who wore a wig, went out to hunt. A sudden puff of wind blew off his hat and wig, at which a loud laugh rang forth from his companions. He pulled up his horse, and with great glee joined in the joke by saying, "What a marvel it is that hairs which are not mine should fly from me, when they have forsaken even the man on whose head they grew."

Have You Ever Wanted to Give Up?

People suggest that we create our lives, that we should go out there and "just do it". They sometimes imply that things don't just happen, that we are the ones that make things happen. But is this always easy?

The next day, an appliance breaks in your house and you now have an added expense this month you can't afford.

The following week, someone at work snaps at you for no reason and your mood is affected for the rest of the day.

Just as you get enough strength together to manifest a better attitude and put more joy back into your being, someone you were so hoping to see this weekend, can't make it.

It is precisely at times like these that it doesn't feel like we have control in our lives. It feels as if unfair situations are constantly coming our way and we're always trying to deal with these ongoing frustrations.

What do I do when - No matter how comfortable and open I am with my albinism, I still get strangers coming up to me regularly and asking, "Are you REALLY an albino?" I smile, nod my head, and I continue on my walk. Sometimes we can't control what people are going to say, but we can control how we're going to be with it. We can control our attitude about what they said.

What do I do when - I'm trying to get to an important meeting, the bus driver forgets to call out my stop, I need to walk back for 15 minutes in a snow storm and can't find the number of the building I'm supposed to get to? I look up, smile, or sometimes cry. Either way, I continue walking. We can't always control what events will take place, but we can take the time to really experience where we are, and then we can be committed to our cause.

There will be times when we won't want to continue.
There will be times when we won't want to honor our commitments.
There will be times when we will want to give up.

What are you going to do when life doesn't go the way you want it to go?

Walk into 2006 knowing that you will deal with whatever comes your way, knowing that your attitude, your choice, and your commitment will have you win in life.

Love,

[)anish /|hmed
have fun creating your life

http://www.complaints.com/directory/2004/april/19/19.htm

http://windpub.com/literary.scams/update.htm

http://www.lincolntrudeau.homestead.com/poemconv.html

"News Headlines from the Homer Noble Farm"
Paul Muldoon
from The New Yorker

I
That case-hardened cop.
A bull moose in a boghole
brought him to a stop.

II
From his grassy knoll
he has you in his crosshairs,
the accomplice mole.

III
This sword once a share.
This forest a fresh-faced farm.
This stone once a stair.

IV
The birch crooks her arm,
as if somewhat more inclined
to welcome the swarm.

V
He has, you will find,
two modes only, the chipmunk:
fast-forward; rewind.

VI
The smell, like a skunk,
of coffee about to perk.
Thelonious Monk.

VII
They're the poker work
of some sort of woodpecker,
these holes in the bark.

VIII
My new fact checker
claims that pilus means "pestle."
My old fact checker.

IX
The Rose and Thistle.
Where the hummingbird drops in
to wet his whistle.

X
Behind the wood bin
a garter snake snaps itself,
showing us some skin.

XI
Like most bits of delf,
the turtle's seen at its best
on one's neighbor's shelf.

XII
Riding two abreast
on their stripped-down, souped-up bikes,
bears in leather vests.

XIII
The eye-shaded shrike.
BIRD BODIES BURIED IN BOG's
a headline he'll spike.

XIV
Steady, like a log
riding a sawmill's spillway,
the steady coydog.

XV
The cornet he plays
was Bolden's, then Beiderbecke's,
this lonesome blue jay.

XVI
Some fresh auto wreck.
Slumped over a horn. Sump pool.
The frog's neck-braced neck.

XVII
Brillo pads? Steel wool?
The regurrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrgitations, what,
of a long-eared owl?

XVIII
The jet with the jot.
The drive-in screen with the sky.
The blood with the blot.

XIX
How all seems to vie,
not just my sleeping laptop
with the first firefly.

This poem is a series of haiku, but it breaks the rule of "3 unrhymed lines." In fact, the poem is written in terza rima. Go to www.paulmuldoon.net to hear him recite and explain this poem. Muldoon won the Pulitzer in 2003 for Moy Sand and Gravel.

I.B. Iskov
Thornhill, Ontario, Canada
Poetry is vital language. Poetry relies on the writer’s feelings, history and perceptions, so every person has the background needed to write poems. Because poetry draws on the senses and the senses give deep access to memories and feelings, poetry writing is relevant and interesting.

Poetry is ancient. The most primitive peoples have used it, and the most civilized have cultivated it. In all ages and in all countries, poetry has been written – and eagerly read or listened to – by all kinds and conditions of people – by statesmen, lawyers, farmers, doctors, scientists, clergymen, philosophers, soldiers, kings and queens. In all ages, poetry has been regarded as important, not simply for pleasure, but as something central to each individual’s existence, something of unique value, and something which makes us feel better off for having and which we are spiritually impoverished without.

Initially, poetry might be defined as a language that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language. In order to understand this fully, we need to understand what it is that poetry “says”. Poetic language is employed on different occasions to say quite different kinds of things. Therefore, poetry is language of different uses. While novels, short stories and plays bring us a sense and a perception of life, their concern is with experience. The poet may create new experiences for the reader in which the reader can participate and which will give him or her a greater awareness and understanding of the world.

Poetry is the literary vehicle which is not only an aid to living but a means of living. For example, an encyclopedia can offer information on elephants. You can discover where they live, what they eat and how they breed. This information is only for practical purposes only. You can grasp the ivory of the elephant, but not its soul. The encyclopedia will not touch on its majesty, wild grandeur, strength or power. The poem can turn the elephant from a museum specimen into the highest concrete visual image that comes alive in the mind of the reader. For the living elephant, we must turn to poetry.

Poetry takes all life as its province. Its primary concern is not with beauty, not with philosophical truth, not with persuasion, but with experience. Beauty and philosophical truth are aspects of experience, and the poet is often engaged with them. Poetry as a whole is concerned with all kinds of experience – beautiful & ugly, strange & common, noble & ignoble, actual & imaginary. One of the paradoxes of human existence is that all experience, when transmitted through the medium of art, becomes enjoyable. Even painful experience is pleasurable when poetry romanticizes hard labour, poverty and even death.

Poetry comes to us bringing life, and focuses on giving us a better understanding of life. Between poetry and other genres of literature there is one sharp distinction. Poetry writing is a friend to all writers. Engrossing and honest, poetry extends universally to all members of society. Poetry exists to communicate significant experience imaginatively and creatively, deepening our knowledge of the senses more poignantly.

Poetry can be inspirational on the highest level, when it provides the reader with a precious affair, frequently incandescent, giving off both light and heat. Finally, poetry is a kind of multi-dimensional language. It is directed at the whole person, not just at his understanding. It must involve the reader’s senses, intelligence, emotions and imagination. Poetry achieves its extra dimensions per word by employing devices including metaphor, allusion, sound, repetition, rhythm, irony, symbol, connotation and imagery. Using these resources and the materials of life, poetry, in its highest form, comes alive on the page.

12/07/2005

星子 Anna Yin
Toronto, Canada
对于热衷于诗歌的我，诗歌更象我的朋友和导师，倾听我，并照亮我。

我感到诗歌融入到我的内心，我的想象中，就像低语的微风，和热烈开放的花儿。他们居于我心深处，我所做的不过是揭开一层面纱，展示他们。

I have so much passion in poetry. It seems they are my friends and mentors who listen to me and light up me. I have seen they blend into my mind, my imagination, as the whispering breezes and blooming flowers. They reside there in depth of my heart, what I have to do is to unveil them.

12/07/2005

John B. Lee
Brantford, Ontario, Canada
"The Highest State in Writing Poetry" for me is when while chasing the feeling I feel when the writing is going well, I simply disappear. I recently wrote in an e mail to a friend, "I am falling deeper and deeper in love with my wife, my children, my family, my friends and my God. The older I get, the more deeply I feel the sweet vanishing of myself into these prayers, these poems, these words where the actual can be measured only in the qualities of the heart."

I recently reiterated these words as part of my talk as Poet Laureate of Brantford during the mayor's address at City Hall.

Poetry is best and it achieves its highest state when the heart, the mind,the body and the soul are contained in one surround. Call that spirit. Call that mystery. Call that, as I did in my book on writing, "Building Bycicles in the Dark," (Black moss press, 2001), "presence." The irony Of presence is the entire absence of the poet's ego. The unselfconsciuos 'self'. The unconscious communion with the muses where the private identity vanishes and the creator is transformed by the creation. Word magic. The best words in the best order. Or to quote a child, "Poetry is when words sing."

We know it when we experience it. Sometimes we don't recognize its absence until we experience it again. We strive for that transformative grace when words lift the veil and the metamorphosis of the self becomes covenant with something permanent, eternal, and our otherness, our alienation, our angst,our superficial ironies embrace paradox and ambiguity in the celebratory dance of being alive and fully engaged in vanishing into life affirming sentient breathing of a lovely exhale.

12/08/2005

http://post4u.hongkong.com/lifenet/horoscope/news/2000-05-26/index.html

http://post4u.hongkong.com/lifenet/horoscope/news/2000-05-26/index.html